• From 1959, the heroic guerrilla became one of the central leaders of the revolutionary process as a result of his proven determination, versatility and abilities and because of the dynamic of the tremendous events resulting from the aggression against Cuba • Héctor Rodríguez Lompart recalls Fidel Castro’s strategy for combating the blockade that is now more than 45 years old, and the role played by Che, who would have been 80 years old on June 14

BY GABRIEL MOLINA:

• THE Cuban Revolution has always been forced to defend itself from the hostility of the U.S. government, as far back as the days of the Sierra Maestra.

As early as March of ’59, just three months after the triumph of the armed struggle, then-Vice President Richard Nixon left a meeting he had held with Fidel in Washington and convinced President Eisenhower that action had to be taken to overthrow him.

That same year, the United States persuaded the British government to cancel a sale of Hunter fighter planes to Cuba. In the opinion of the U.S. authorities, those aircraft would have posed a problem for the invasion it was preparing, and which was carried out in April 1961 in the Bay of Pigs. With the same goal, the French ship La Coubre was blown up in February 1960 as munitions were being unloaded on Havana’s docks. Dozens of Cubans and French citizens were killed in that terrorist act, attributed in Cuba to the CIA. Simultaneously, Washington prevented a consortium of Western European banks from approving a loan to Cuba of $100 million.

Sometimes the revolutionary government adopted the tactic of retaliating to economic blows. On June 6, when the Standard Oil, Texaco and Royal Dutch Shell oil companies refused, under U.S. government orders, to refine oil that Cuba had bought from the Soviet Union, the Cuban government did not hesitate to take over the refineries less than one month later. The sparring continued with the boycott that the Eisenhower administration promoted among oil exporters and shipping companies.

Cuba responded by nationalizing its refineries on August 6.

Che Guevara participated in all of those events and the corresponding decisions, not just as a combatant and politician, but as an economist, or better said, a strategist of the economy together with Fidel, a function for which he is not so well known.

Beginning with Che’s first official civilian responsibility as director of industries for the Institute of Agrarian Reform, and also as president of the National Bank as of November of ’60, and minister of industries as of 1962, it was his duty to act principally in the economy, to implement the line of diversification that the Revolution had charted both in production and international trade. An exceptional witness to the trajectory of Commander Guevara is Hector Rodríguez Llompart, who met Che in the La Cabaña fortress — where Commander Guevara was the military chief — in early 1959. Llompart was the municipal commissioner of Regla, and visited him together with Captain Miguel Angel Duque de Estrada, who was in charge of the Revolutionary Courts. Here are some of his valuable memories and assessments.

How do you remember those first days of the aggression?

--Aggressions of all types by the U.S. government against Cuba began very early on.

The armed aggression against the island’s production centers, terrorist attacks and armed threats were answered by the Revolution by the improved organization of its military and security apparatuses, acquiring weapons, and creating the National Revolutionary Militias, Committees for Defense of the Revolution, etc.

The support and determination of our people to fight for victory under the slogan of ‘Homeland or Death’ made the political trenches impregnable.

The plans for economic aggression were more surreptitious, but just as dangerous

How did Che participate in the fight against those plans?

—The almost total dependence on the U.S. market and our economic ties of 50-plus years with the former colonial power made the situation of our open economy even more complicated.

It was essential to find other markets for the sale of our products, as well as for imported goods.

In late 1959, a Soviet exposition was set to take place in Mexico, and the Soviet delegation was being led by then-Deputy Prime Minister Anastas Mikoyan.

At that time, I was an official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and it was precisely Commander Guevara who told me that I should go to Mexico to officially invite Mikoyan to bring the Soviet exposition to Havana, and for him to personally lead, if possible, the Soviet mission.

As one personal anecdote, I remember how the newspapers announced Che’s visit; the day I arrived in Mexico, there were many reporters and photographers at the airport. The newspaper El Universal reported the news that day under the headline: "They were expecting a bearded one, and a smooth-cheeked one arrived."

After a number of setbacks related to an ecclesiastical congress that was taking place in Cuba at the time, the visit was proposed, and finally happened in February 1960.

The Cuban delegation led by Commander Guevara and the Soviet one held a number of talks about the need to place our sugar sales in the USSR [market], in the face of the imminent suspension of purchases by the United States.

A trade agreement and another on credit were finally signed on February 13, 1960 by the Commander-in-Chief [Fidel Castro] and Anastas Mikoyan.

At that time, the USSR promised to buy 5 million tons of Cuban unrefined sugar over five years, and granted us a credit of $100 million, to be repaid over 12 years with 2.5% interest.

At the UN Conference on Trade and Development on March 25, 1964, speaking in the name of our government, Commander Guevara summed up that first period as follows: "Subsequently, this aggression was characterized by measures aimed at paralyzing the Cuban economy. The idea was to deprive Cuba, in mid-1960, of the fuel it needed for the operation of its industries, transportation and electric power plants. Under pressure from the State Department, independent U.S. oil companies refused to sell oil to Cuba or to make their tanker ships available for its transport. Shortly afterward, an attempt was made to deprive the island of the necessary hard currency for foreign trade. On July 6, 1960, then-President Eisenhower cut Cuba’s sugar quota to the United States to 700,000 tons, totally eliminating that quota on March 31, 1961, a few days after the announced Alliance for Progress and days before the Bay of Pigs invasion. There was an attempt to shut down Cuba’s industry, by depriving it of raw materials and spare parts for its machines and, to that end, on October 19, 1960, the U.S. Department of Commerce issued a resolution prohibiting the shipment of numerous products to our island. That ban on trade with Cuba became greater, until on February 3, 1962, then-President Kennedy declared a complete embargo on U.S. trade with Cuba."

Having failed in all of its aggression, the United States moved to implement an economic blockade against our country, aimed at preventing other countries from trading with us. First of all, on January 24, 1962, the U.S. Treasury Department announced that it was prohibiting entry into the United States of any product made, wholly or in part, with Cuban products, even if they were manufactured in another country. In another step signifying the establishment of a virtual economic blockade, on February 6, 1963, the White House issued a press release announcing that merchandise bought with U.S. government money would not be loaded on to ships with foreign flags that had engaged in trade with Cuba after January 1st of that year. That was how the blacklist began, which is now applied to more than 150 ships from countries who did not bow down to the illegal U.S. blockade. And in another step, to hinder trade with Cuba, on July 8, 1963, the U.S. Treasury Department froze all Cuban assets in U.S. territory and prohibited all transfers of money to and from Cuba, as well as any other transaction in dollars via third countries.

What were the objectives of that tour?

—The decision to deprive us of fuel, suspend purchases of Cuban sugar and other economic aggression had already materialized by October 1960, when, as deputy secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I received a telephone call from Jaime Barrios, who worked with Che, informing me that in the coming days I should join a delegation that would be led by Che and would visit all of the socialist countries. At that time, Che was already talking to us quite a lot about the need to build relations with those countries.

Later, I would learn more details about our mission; the primary objective of diversifying our trade by placing most of our sugar production in those markets and replacing the majority of our imports with products from those places.

Once in the USSR, an emergency meeting took place in Moscow that included almost all of the foreign ministers of the socialist countries. In the meeting, Commander Guevara explained the serious situation facing the Cuban Revolution given the imperialist aggression, and as the main theme, the need to place four million tons of sugar in those markets, at a price of four cents per pound. This price was higher than the rate on the New York Stock Exchange at the time.

He also said it was necessary for Cuba to buy its essential products from those countries.

You should remember that at the time, Cuba did not yet have a Ministry of Foreign Trade, and we had very little information, and even less experience, in that area. All we had were solid political arguments and a letter signed by our prime minister, Commander Fidel Castro, which had the abovementioned request, and its bearer was Commander Guevara.

What were the agreements reached?

—As a result of those negotiations, the USSR promised to buy 2.7 million tons of sugar; China, one million tons; and the other socialist countries, 300,000 tons.

In addition, Korea, Vietnam and Mongolia bought symbolic quantities as an expression of support and solidarity with the socialist countries.

In Moscow, a multilateral agreement on payments was also signed.

With the goal of reaching trade agreements that included lists of the products to be bought and sold, payment agreements and credit agreements, the delegation led by Che also visited Czechoslovakia, China, Korea and the Federal Republic of Germany.

During his stay in China, and to save time, Che decided that he would visit the Democratic Republic of Korea, and had me lead a small group to Vietnam and Mongolia, countries with which we also established diplomatic relations at the time.

At the end of his stay in Berlin, Che had to return to Cuba, informing us that he would make a short stop in Budapest and that the delegation I was leading from then on should travel to Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.

Was there already talk of the need to change Cuba’s trade structure?

—After arriving in Cuba, Commander Guevara appeared on television on January 6, 1961, to report on the signing of the agreements with the socialist countries:

"It was an extremely difficult task, a difficult task, because we have had to change the structure of our trade in just a few months. From the end of 1959, exactly one year ago, Cuba has passed from being a country with a totally colonial structure, with domestic and foreign trade systems completely dominated by the large import companies dependent on monopoly capital, to being — in 10 months, as of October, when the cycle definitively ends — a country where the state holds a complete monopoly over foreign trade, and also a large part of domestic trade."

He also referred to additional difficulties that we were facing, given that in those countries, the decimal metric system was used, while we continued to use the colonial practice of weighing in pounds and measuring in yards, with different systems for measuring pressure or a simple pipe fitting.

Electrical equipment in Cuba uses 60 cycles, while in the socialist countries, it was 50 cycles per second.

In short, we were facing all types of difficulties, but with the determination to overcome them and triumph over them in face of the dilemma created for us by the imperialist aggression.

Interesting anecdotes emerged out of these initial experiences.

For example, in China, when evaluating the list of products to be traded, there was a difference of $3 million favoring the Chinese side.

Before signing the final protocol, the Chinese prime minister at the time, Chou En-lai, told Che that China should not appear to be receiving more in products than what it was exporting to Cuba.

So it was decided to have a line of $3 million in arts and crafts exports, given that at the time, we could not find any other products that met our needs.

It was out of that protocol contingent of Chinese arts and crafts that lots of stories circulated in Havana about the large volume of Chinese walking sticks and umbrellas being sold in our stores.

Actually, the Chinese sent us valuable craftwork that I am sure exceeded the value previously mentioned.

I always believed that neither they nor we really valued those wonderful things.

On the contrary, certain foreigners who were living in Cuba temporarily did take advantage of the situation, enriching themselves through the illegal sale of those art treasures.

Another source of anecdotes and jokes was the snow removers. I think that these actually had a basis in truth, in machines that were the same or similar and were purchased to be tried out in our mining industry.

I will never forget the look of amazement on the face of the Soviet translator who, in reading the list of things we needed, did not know what to say when a typing error led him to read the need for thousands of "monkey lips" (bembas de mono) instead of "hand pumps" (bombas de mano).

We joked amongst ourselves about the decision by Commander Guevara to buy all the canned meat we could, and also all the machine tools that we could.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.

CHE EN 1959
Automatically translated into French thanks to WorldLingo
• De 1959, le guérillero héroïque est devenu l'un des chefs centraux du processus révolutionnaire en raison de sa détermination, polyvalence et capacités montrées et en raison du dynamique des événements énormes résultant de l'agression contre le Cuba • Héctor Rodríguez Lompart rappelle la stratégie de Fidel Castro pour combattre le blocus qui est maintenant plus de 45 années, et joué un rôle par Che, qui aurait été 80 années le 14 juin

PAR GABRIEL MOLINA :

• La révolution cubaine a été toujours forcée pour se défendre de l'hostilité des États-Unis gouvernement, dès les jours de la sierra Maestra.

Dès mars de' 59, juste trois mois après que le triomphe de la lutte armée, alors-Vice - le Président Richard Nixon a quitté une réunion qu'il s'était tenue avec Fidel à Washington et Président convaincu Eisenhower qu'une mesure a dû être prise pour le renverser.

Que la même année, les Etats-Unis ont persuadé le gouvernement britannique pour décommander une vente des avions de combattant de chasseur vers le Cuba. Selon l'opinion des États-Unis les autorités, ces avion auraient posé un problème pour l'invasion qu'il préparait, et qui a été effectué en avril 1961 dans le compartiment des porcs. Avec le même but, la La française Coubre de bateau a été faite sauter en février 1960 pendant que des munitions étaient déchargées sur les docks de La Havane. Des douzaines de citoyens de Cubains et de Français ont été tuées du fait acte de terroriste, attribué au Cuba à la CIA. Simultanément, Washington a empêché un consortium de banques d'Europe occidentale d'approuver un prêt au Cuba de $100 millions.

Parfois le gouvernement révolutionnaire a adopté la tactique des représailles aux coups économiques. Le 6 juin, quand compagnies de Shell Oil standard d'huile, de Texaco et de Royal Dutch Refusées, sous les États-Unis les ordres de gouvernement, pour raffiner l'huile que le Cuba avait achetée de l'Union Soviétique, le gouvernement cubain n'ont pas hésité à succéder les raffineries moins d'un mois plus tard. Sparring a continué le boycott que l'administration d'Eisenhower a favorisé parmi des exportateurs d'huile et des compagnies maritimes.

Le Cuba a répondu en nationalisant ses raffineries le 6 août.

Che Guevara a participé à tous ces événements et décisions correspondantes, pas juste comme un combattant et un politicien, mais en tant qu'un économiste, ou meilleur dit, un stratège de l'économie ainsi que Fidel, une fonction pour lequel il n'est pas aussi bien connue.

Commençant par la première responsabilité civile officielle de Che comme directeur des industries de l'institut de la réforme agraire, et également comme président de National Bank en date de novembre de' 60, et ministre des industries en date de 1962, c'était son devoir à agir principalement dans l'économie, pour mettre en application la ligne de la diversification que la révolution avait dressé une carte tous les deux dans la production et le commerce international. Un témoin exceptionnel de la trajectoire de commandant Guevara est Hector Rodríguez Llompart, qui a rencontré Che dans la forteresse de Cabaña de La - où commandant Guevara était le chef militaire - début 1959. Llompart était le commissaire municipal de Regla, et visité lui ainsi que capitaine Miguel Angel Duque De Estrada, qui était responsable des cours révolutionnaires. Voici certaines de ses mémoires et évaluations valables.

Comment vous rappelez-vous ces premiers jours de l'agression ?

--Agressions de tous les types par les États-Unis le gouvernement contre le Cuba a commencé très dès l'abord.

L'agression armée contre les centres de production de l'île, des attaques de terroriste et les menaces armées ont été répondues par la révolution par l'organisation améliorée de ses appareillages de militaires et de sécurité, acquérant des armes, et créant les milices révolutionnaires nationales, des comités pour la défense de la révolution, etc.

L'appui et la détermination de nos personnes à combattre pour la victoire sous le slogan de la patrie ou de la mort de `' ont rendu les fossés politiques irréfutables.

Les plans pour l'agression économique étaient plus subreptices, mais juste comme dangereux

Comment Che a-t-il participé au combat contre ces plans ?

- Dépendance presque toute l'à l'égard les États-Unis lancez sur le marché et nos liens économiques de 50 années positives avec l'ancienne puissance coloniale faite la situation de notre économie ouverte bien plus compliquée.

Il était essentiel de trouver d'autres marchés en vente de nos produits, aussi bien que pour les marchandises importées.

Vers la fin de 1959, une exposition de Soviétique a été placée pour avoir lieu au Mexique, et la délégation soviétique était menée par l'alors-Député premier ministre Anastas Mikoyan.

À ce moment-là, j'étais un fonctionnaire au ministère des affaires étrangères, et c'était avec précision commandant Guevara qui m'a dit que je devrais aller au Mexique inviter officiellement Mikoyan pour apporter l'exposition soviétique à La Havane, et pour lui personnellement au fil, si possible, la mission soviétique.

En tant qu'une anecdote personnelle, je me rappelle comment les journaux ont annoncé la visite de Che ; le jour je suis arrivé au Mexique, il y avait beaucoup de journalistes et photographes à l'aéroport. L'universel d'EL de journal a rapporté aux nouvelles ce jour sous le titre : « Ils attendaient barbu, et lisse-cheeked est arrivé. »

Après qu'un certain nombre de reculs se soient reliés à un congrès ecclésiastique qui avait lieu au Cuba alors, la visite a été proposée, et finalement s'est produite en février 1960.

La délégation cubaine menée par le commandant Guevara et le soviétique a jugé un certain nombre parle de la nécessité de placer nos ventes de sucre en URSS [marché], face à la suspension imminente des achats par les Etats-Unis.

Un accord commercial et des autres sur le crédit ont été finalement signés le 13 février 1960 par le Commander-in-Chief [Fidel Castro] et Anastas Mikoyan.

À ce moment-là, l'URSS promise pour acheter 5 millions de tonnes de sucre centrifugé cubain sur cinq ans, et nous a accordé un crédit de $100 millions, pour être remboursée sur 12 ans avec l'intérêt 2.5%.

À la conférence de l'ONU sur le commerce et le développement le 25 mars 1964, parlant au nom de notre gouvernement, commandant Guevara a résumé cela la première période comme suit : « Plus tard, cette agression a été caractérisée par des mesures visées paralysant l'économie cubaine. L'idée était de priver le Cuba, dans mid-1960, du carburant qu'il a eu besoin pour l'opération de ses industries, de transport et de centrales électriques électriques. Sous pression du département d'état, les États-Unis indépendants les compagnies pétrolières ont refusé de vendre l'huile au Cuba ou de rendre leurs bateaux de camion-citerne disponibles pour son transport. Sous peu après, une tentative a été faite de priver l'île de la devise forte forte nécessaire pour le commerce extérieur. Le 6 juillet 1960, alors-Président Eisenhower a coupé la quote-part du sucre du Cuba aux Etats-Unis à 700.000 tonnes, éliminant totalement cette quote-part le 31 mars 1961, quelques jours après que l'alliance annoncée pour le progrès et jours avant le compartiment de l'invasion de porcs. Il y avait une tentative d'arrêter l'industrie du Cuba, en la privant des matières premières et des pièces de rechange pour ses machines et, à cet effet, le 19 octobre 1960, les États-Unis Le ministère du commerce a publié une résolution interdisant l'expédition de nombreux produits à notre île. Cette interdiction du commerce avec le Cuba est devenue plus grande, jusqu'au le 3 février 1962, alors-Président Kennedy a déclaré un embargo complet sur les États-Unis le commerce avec le Cuba. « 

Après avoir échoué en tout de son agression, Etats-Unis déplacés pour mettre en application un blocus économique contre notre pays, destiné à empêcher d'autres pays de commercer avec nous. Tout d'abord, le 24 janvier 1962, les États-Unis Le département de trésor a annoncé qu'il interdisait l'entrée en les Etats-Unis de n'importe quel produit fait, complètement ou en partie, avec les produits cubains, même si ils étaient fabriqués en un autre pays. Dans une autre étape signifiant l'établissement d'un blocus économique virtuel, le 6 février 1963, la Maison Blanche a publié un communiqué de presse annonçant que des marchandises achetées avec les États-Unis de l'argent de gouvernement ne serait pas chargé dessus aux bateaux avec les drapeaux étrangers qui s'étaient engagés dans le commerce avec le Cuba après le 1er janvier de cette année. C'était comment la liste noire a commencé, qui est maintenant appliquée à plus de 150 bateaux à partir des pays qui ne se sont pas prosternés devant les États-Unis illégaux blocus. Et dans une autre étape, pour gêner le commerce avec le Cuba, le 8 juillet 1963, les États-Unis Le département de trésor a gelé tous les capitaux cubains aux États-Unis territoire et interdit tous les transferts d'argent à et du Cuba, aussi bien que toute autre transaction en dollars par l'intermédiaire des pays tiers.

Quels étaient les objectifs de cette excursion ?

- La décision pour nous priver du carburant, suspendent des achats de sucre cubain et l'autre agression économique avait déjà matérialisé pour le mois de octobre 1960, quand, comme secrétaire de député au ministère des affaires étrangères, j'ai reçu un appel téléphonique des banlieues de Jaime, qui travaill avec Che, m'informant cela en prochains jours où je devrais joindre une délégation qui serait menée par Che et visiterait tous les pays socialistes. À ce moment-là, Che nous parlait déjà énormément au sujet de la nécessité d'établir des relations avec ces pays.

Plus tard, j'apprendrais plus de détails au sujet de notre mission ; le premier objectif de diversifier notre commerce en plaçant la majeure partie de notre production de sucre sur ces marchés et en remplaçant la majorité de nos importations avec des produits de ces endroits.

Une fois en URSS, une réunion de secours a eu lieu à Moscou qui a inclus presque tous les ministres des affaires étrangères des pays socialistes. Lors de la réunion, commandant Guevara a expliqué la situation sérieuse faisant face à la révolution cubaine donnée l'agression impérialiste, et comme thème principal, la nécessité de placer quatre millions de tonnes de sucre sur ces marchés, à un prix de quatre cents par livre. Ce prix était plus élevé que le taux sur la bourse des valeurs de New York alors.

Il a également dit qu'il était que le Cuba achète ses produits essentiels de ces pays.

Vous devriez se rappeler qu'alors, le Cuba n'a pas encore eu un ministère du commerce extérieur, et nous avons eu l'information très petite, et même moins d'expérience, dans ce secteur. Tous que nous avons eus étaient des arguments politiques pleins et une lettre signée par notre premier ministre, commandant Fidel Castro, qui ont eu la demande mentionnée ci-dessus, et son porteur était commandant Guevara.

Quels étaient les accords conclus ?

- Par suite de ces négociations, URSS promise pour acheter 2.7 millions de tonnes de sucre ; La Chine, un million de tonnes ; et les autres pays socialistes, 300.000 tonnes.

En outre, la Corée, le Vietnam et la Mongolie ont acheté des quantités symboliques comme expression d'appui et de solidarité avec les pays socialistes.

À Moscou, un accord multilatéral sur des paiements a été également signé.

Avec le but des accords commerciaux de atteinte que les listes incluses des produits à acheter et d'accords vendue, de paiement et d'accords de crédit, la délégation ont menés par Che également a visité la Tchécoslovaquie, la Chine, la Corée et la République Fédérale d'Allemagne.

Pendant son séjour en Chine, et pour sauver le temps, Che a décidé qu'il visiterait la République de la Corée démocratique, et m'a fait mener un petit groupe au Vietnam et en Mongolie, les pays avec lesquels nous également avons établi des relations diplomatiques alors.

À la fin de son séjour à Berlin, Che a dû retourner au Cuba, nous informant qu'il ferait un arrêt court à Budapest et que la délégation que je menais à partir d'puis dessus devrait voyager en Pologne, en Hongrie, en Roumanie, en Bulgarie et en Albanie.

Y avait-il déjà entretien de la nécessité de changer la structure commerciale du Cuba ?

- Après l'arrivée au Cuba, commandant Guevara est apparu à la télévision le 6 janvier 1961, au rapport sur la signature des accords avec les pays socialistes :

« Il était extrêmement un difficile chargent, un difficile chargent, parce que nous avons dû changer la structure de nos échanges juste de quelques mois. De la fin de 1959, exactement il y a un an, le Cuba a passé d'être un pays avec une structure totalement coloniale, avec des systèmes de commerce domestique et extérieur complètement dominés par les grandes compagnies d'importation dépendantes du capital de monopole, à être - en 10 mois, en date d'octobre, quand le cycle finit définitivement - un pays où l'état tient un commerce extérieur d'excédent complet de monopole, et également une grande partie du commerce de domestique. « 

Il s'est également référé à des difficultés additionnelles que nous étions faire face, donné cela dans ces pays, le système métrique décimal a été employé, alors que nous continuions à employer la pratique coloniale de peser en livres et de mesurer en yards, avec différents systèmes pour la pression de mesure ou un ajustage de précision de pipe simple.

Appareillage électrique dans des utilisations du Cuba 60 cycles, alors que dans les pays socialistes, c'était de 50 cycles par seconde.

En bref, nous faisions face à tous les types des difficultés, mais dans la détermination pour surmonter elles et le triomphe au-dessus de eux dans le visage du dilemme créé pour nous par l'agression impérialiste.

Les anecdotes intéressantes ont émergé hors de ces expériences initiales.

Par exemple, en Chine, en évaluant la liste de produits à commercer, il y avait une différence de $3 millions favorisant le côté chinois.

Avant de signer le protocole final, le premier ministre chinois alors, En-lai de Chou, a dit à Che que la Chine ne devrait pas sembler recevoir plus dans les produits que ce qu'elle exportait vers le Cuba.

Ainsi on l'a décidé d'avoir une ligne de $3 millions dans les arts et des exportations de métiers, données cela alors, nous ne pourrions trouver aucun autres produits qui ont satisfait nos besoins.

Il était hors de ce contingent de protocole des arts et des métiers chinois qu'un bon nombre d'histoires ont circulés à La Havane au sujet du de large volume des bâtons chinois et des parapluies de marche étant vendus dans nos magasins.

En fait, le Chinois nous a envoyé l'artisanat valable que je suis sûr ai dépassé la valeur précédemment mentionnée.

J'ai toujours cru que ni eux ni nous n'avons vraiment évalué ces choses merveilleuses.

Sur les étrangers contraires et certains qui habitaient au Cuba temporairement avez tiré profit de la situation, s'enrichissant par la vente illégale de ces trésors d'art.

Une autre source des anecdotes et des plaisanteries était les solvants de neige. Je pense que ceux-ci ont eu réellement une base dans la vérité, dans des machines qui étaient identiques ou semblable et ai été acheté pour être essayé dans notre industrie minière.

Je n'oublierai jamais le regard de la stupéfaction sur le visage du traducteur soviétique qui, en indiquant la liste de choses nous a eu besoin, n'a pas su de quoi dire quand une faute de frappe l'a mené à lire le besoin de milliers de « lèvres de singe » (bembas De mono) au lieu des « pompes à main » (bombas de mano).

Nous avons plaisanté parmi nous-mêmes au sujet de la décision par commandant Guevara pour acheter toute viande en boîte que nous pourrions, et également toutes machines-outils que nous pourrions.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.

CHE EN 1959
Automatically translated into Spanish thanks to WorldLingo
• A partir de 1959, el guerrilla heroico hizo uno de los líderes centrales del proceso revolucionario como resultado de su determinación, flexibilidad y capacidades probadas y debido a el dinámico de los enormes acontecimientos resultando de la agresión contra Cuba • Héctor Rodríguez Lompart recuerda la estrategia de Fidel Castro para combatir el bloqueo que ahora es más de 45 años, y actuado en papel por Che, que habría sido 80 años el 14 de junio

POR GABRIEL MOLINA:

• La revolución cubano se ha forzado siempre para defenderse de la hostilidad de los E.E.U.U. gobierno, desde los días del Sierra Maestra.

Desde marcha de' 59, apenas tres meses después de que el triunfo de la lucha armada, entonces-Vice - presidente Richard Nixon dejó una reunión que él había celebrado con Fidel en Washington y presidente convencido Eisenhower que la acción tuviera que ser tomada para derrocarlo.

Que el mismo año, los Estados Unidos persuadieron el gobierno británico para cancelar una venta de los planos del combatiente del cazador a Cuba. Según la opinión de los E.E.U.U. las autoridades, esas avión habrían planteado un problema para la invasión que se preparaba, y que fue realizada en abril de 1961 en la bahía de cerdos. Con la misma meta, el La francés Coubre de la nave fue hecho saltar en febrero de 1960 mientras que las municiones eran descargadas en los muelles de La Habana. Mataron a las docenas de ciudadanos de los cubanos y del francés en que acto del terrorista, atribuido en Cuba a la Cia. Simultáneamente, Washington evitó que un consorcio de bancos de Europa occidental aprobara un préstamo a Cuba de $100 millones.

El gobierno revolucionario adoptó a veces la táctica de represalias a los soplos económicos. El 6 de junio, cuando el aceite estándar, el Texaco y las compañías petroleras holandesas reales de Shell rechazados, debajo de los E.E.U.U. las órdenes de gobierno, refinar el aceite que Cuba había comprado de la Unión Soviética, el gobierno cubano no vacilaron asumir el control las refinerías menos de un mes más adelante. El sparring continuó con el boicoteo que la administración de Eisenhower promovió entre exportadores del aceite y compañías de envío.

Cuba respondió nacionalizando sus refinerías el 6 de agosto.

Che Guevara participó en todas las esos acontecimientos y decisiones correspondientes, no apenas como un combatiente y político, sino como un economista, o un dicho mejor, un estratega de la economía junto con Fidel, una función para quien él no es tan bien sabido.

Comenzando con la primera responsabilidad civil oficial de Che como director de las industrias del instituto de la reforma agraria, y también como el presidente de National Bank en fecha noviembre de' 60, y ministro de industrias en fecha 1962, era su deber a actuar principalmente en la economía, poner la línea en ejecución de la diversificación que la revolución había planeado ambos en la producción y el comercio internacional. Un testigo excepcional a la trayectoria de comandante Guevara es el matón Rodríguez Llompart, que satisfizo a Che en la fortaleza de Cabaña del La - donde estaba el jefe comandante Guevara militar - a principios de 1959. Llompart era la comisión municipal de Regla, y visitado le junto con capitán Miguel Angel Duque de Estrada, que estaba a cargo de las cortes revolucionarias. Aquí están algunos de sus memorias y gravámenes valiosos.

¿Cómo usted recuerda esos primeros días de la agresión?

--Agresiones de todos los tipos por los E.E.U.U. el gobierno contra Cuba comenzó muy a principios de.

La agresión armada contra los centros de producción de la isla, los ataques del terrorista y las amenazas armadas fueron contestados por la revolución por la organización mejorada de sus aparatos de los militares y de la seguridad, adquiriendo las armas, y creando las milicias revolucionarias nacionales, los comités para la defensa de la revolución, el etc.

La ayuda y la determinación de nuestra gente a luchar para la victoria bajo lema de la patria o de la muerte del `' hicieron los fosos políticos impregnable.

Los planes para la agresión económica eran más surreptitious, pero apenas como peligrosos

¿Cómo Che participó en la lucha contra esos planes?

- La dependencia casi total de los E.E.U.U. ponga y nuestros lazos económicos de 50 años más con la energía colonial anterior hecha la situación de nuestra economía abierta complicada aún más.

Era esencial encontrar otros mercados para la venta de nuestros productos, así como para mercancías importadas.

En finales de 1959, una exposición del soviet fue fijada para ocurrir en México, y al entonces-Diputado primer ministro Anastas Mikoyan conducía a la delegación soviética.

En aquel momento, era un funcionario en el ministerio de asuntos exteriores, y era exacto comandante Guevara que me dijo que fuera a México a invitar oficialmente a Mikoyan que traiga la exposición soviética a La Habana, y para él personalmente al plomo, si es posible, la misión soviética.

Como un anecdote personal, recuerdo cómo los periódicos anunciaron la visita de Che; el día llegué en México, había muchos reporteros y fotógrafos en el aeropuerto. El universal del EL del periódico divulgó a noticias ese día bajo título: “Contaban con barbudo, y liso-cheeked llegó.”

Después de que un número de reveses se relacionaran con un congreso eclesiástico que ocurría en Cuba en ese entonces, la visita fue propuesta, y finalmente sucedió en febrero de 1960.

La delegación cubano condujo por comandante Guevara y el soviético sostuvo un número habla de la necesidad de poner nuestras ventas del azúcar en la URSS [mercado], frente a la suspensión inminente de compras por los Estados Unidos.

Un acuerdo comercial y otro en crédito finalmente fueron firmados el 13 de febrero de 1960 por el comandante en jefe [Fidel Castro] y Anastas Mikoyan.

En aquel momento, la URSS prometida para comprar 5 millones de toneladas de azúcar sin refinar cubano sobre cinco años, y nos concedió un crédito de $100 millones, para ser compensada sobre 12 años con el interés 2.5%.

En la conferencia de la O.N.U sobre comercio y el desarrollo el 25 de marzo de 1964, hablando en nombre de nuestro gobierno, comandante Guevara resumió eso primer período como sigue: “Posteriormente, esta agresión fue caracterizada por las medidas dirigidas paralizando la economía cubano. La idea era privar Cuba, en mid-1960, del combustible que necesitó para la operación de sus industrias, del transporte y de las centrales eléctricas eléctricas. Bajo presión del departamento del estado, independiente los E.E.U.U. las compañías petroleras rechazaron vender el aceite a Cuba o hacer sus naves del petrolero disponibles para su transporte. Pronto luego, una tentativa fue hecha de privar la isla de la moneda fuerte necesaria para el comercio exterior. El 6 de julio de 1960, entonces-Presidente Eisenhower cortó el contingente del azúcar de Cuba a los Estados Unidos a 700.000 toneladas, eliminando totalmente ese contingente el 31 de marzo de 1961, algunos días después de que la alianza anunciada para el progreso y días antes de la bahía de la invasión de los cerdos. Había una tentativa de cerrar la industria de Cuba, privándola de materias primas y de piezas de repuesto para sus máquinas y, a tal efecto, el 19 de octubre de 1960, los E.E.U.U. El Ministerio de Comercio publicó una resolución que prohibía el envío de productos numerosos a nuestra isla. Esa interdicción en comercio con Cuba llegó a ser mayor, hasta el 3 de febrero de 1962, entonces-Presidente Kennedy declaró un embargo completo en los E.E.U.U. comercio con Cuba. “

Fallando en toda su agresión, los Estados Unidos se movieron para poner un bloqueo en ejecución económico contra nuestro país, dirigido a evitar que otros países negocien con nosotros. Primero de todos, el 24 de enero de 1962, los E.E.U.U. El departamento del Hacienda anunció que prohibía la entrada en los Estados Unidos de cualquier producto hecho, enteramente o en parte, con los productos cubanos, aunque fueron fabricados en otro país. En otro paso significando el establecimiento de un bloqueo económico virtual, el 6 de febrero de 1963, la casa blanca publicó un lanzamiento de prensa anunciando que mercancía comprada con los E.E.U.U. el dinero del gobierno no sería cargado encendido a las naves con las banderas extranjeras que habían enganchado a comercio con Cuba después del 1 de enero de ese año. Ése era cómo la lista negra comenzó, que ahora se aplica a más de 150 naves de los países que no arquearon abajo a los E.E.U.U. ilegales bloqueo. Y en otro paso, obstaculizar comercio con Cuba, el 8 de julio de 1963, los E.E.U.U. El departamento del Hacienda congeló todos los activos cubanos en los E.E.U.U. territorio y prohibido todas las transferencias del dinero a y desde Cuba, así como cualquier otra transacción en dólares vía los terceros países.

¿Cuáles eran los objetivos de ese viaje?

- La decisión para privarnos del combustible, suspende compras del azúcar cubano y la otra agresión económica había materializado ya antes del octubre de 1960, cuando, como secretaria del diputado en el ministerio de asuntos exteriores, recibí una llamada telefónica de los Barrios de Jaime, que trabajaron con Che, informándome eso en los días que venían que debo ensamblar a una delegación que sería conducida por Che y visitaría todos los países socialistas. En aquel momento, Che hablaba ya con nosotros bastante sobre la necesidad de construir relaciones con esos países.

Más adelante, aprendería más detalles sobre nuestra misión; el objetivo primario de diversificar nuestro comercio poniendo la mayor parte de nuestra producción de azúcar en esos mercados y substituyendo a la mayoría de nuestras importaciones por los productos de esos lugares.

Una vez en la URSS, una reunión de la emergencia ocurrió en Moscú que incluyó a casi todos los Ministros de Asuntos Exteriores de los países socialistas. En la reunión, comandante Guevara explicó la situación seria que hacía frente a la revolución cubano dada la agresión imperialista, y como el tema principal, la necesidad de colocar cuatro millones de toneladas de azúcar en esos mercados, en un precio de cuatro centavos por libra. Este precio era más alto que la tarifa en la bolsa de acción de Nueva York en ese entonces.

Él también dijo que era necesario que Cuba compre sus productos esenciales de esos países.

Usted debe recordar que en ese entonces, Cuba todavía no tenía un ministerio del comercio exterior, y teníamos la información muy pequeña, e incluso menos experiencia, en esa área. Todas lo que teníamos eran discusiones políticas sólidas y una letra firmada por nuestro primer ministro, comandante Fidel Castro, que tenían la petición antedicha, y su portador era comandante Guevara.

¿Cuáles eran los acuerdos alcanzados?

- Como resultado de esas negociaciones, la URSS prometida para comprar 2.7 millones de toneladas de azúcar; China, un millón toneladas; y los otros países socialistas, 300.000 toneladas.

Además, Corea, Vietnam y Mongolia compraron cantidades simbólicas como expresión de la ayuda y de la solidaridad con los países socialistas.

En Moscú, un acuerdo multilateral en pagos también fue firmado.

Con la meta de los acuerdos comerciales que alcanzaban que las listas incluidas de los productos que se comprarán y de los acuerdos vendida, del pago y de los acuerdos del crédito, la delegación condujeron por Che también visitó Checoslovaquia, China, Corea y la República Federal de Alemania.

Durante su estancia en China, y ahorrar tiempo, Che decidía que él visitaría la república de Corea democrática, e hizo que condujera a grupo pequeño a Vietnam y a Mongolia, los países con los cuales también establecimos relaciones diplomáticas en ese entonces.

En el final de su estancia en Berlín, Che tuvo que volver a Cuba, informándonos que él haría una parada corta en Budapest y que la delegación que conducía de entonces encendido debe viajar a Polonia, a Hungría, a Rumania, a Bulgaria y a Albania.

¿Había ya charla de la necesidad de cambiar la estructura comercial de Cuba?

- Después de llegar en Cuba, comandante Guevara apareció en la televisión el 6 de enero de 1961, al informe sobre la firma de los acuerdos con los países socialistas:

“Era una tarea extremadamente difícil, una tarea difícil, porque hemos tenido que cambiar la estructura de nuestro comercio en apenas algunos meses. De finales de 1959, exactamente hace un año, Cuba ha pasado de ser un país con una estructura totalmente colonial, con los sistemas del comercio doméstico y exterior dominados totalmente por las compañías de importación grandes dependientes en capital del monopolio, a ser - en 10 meses, en fecha octubre, cuando el ciclo termina definitivo - un país en donde el estado lleva a cabo un comercio exterior del excedente completo del monopolio, y también una parte grande de comercio del domestic. “

Él también refirió a dificultades adicionales que éramos el hacer frente, dado eso en esos países, la sistema métrico decimal fue utilizado, mientras que continuamos utilizando la práctica colonial de pesar en libras y de medir en yardas, con diversos sistemas para la presión que medía o una guarnición de pipa simple.

Equipo eléctrico en las aplicaciones de Cuba 60 ciclos, mientras que en los países socialistas, era 50 ciclos por segundo.

En fin, hacíamos frente a todos los tipos de dificultades, pero con la determinación para superar las y triunfo sobre ellos en la cara del dilema creado para nosotros por la agresión imperialista.

Los anecdotes interesantes emergieron fuera de estas experiencias iniciales.

Por ejemplo, en China, al evaluar la lista de los productos que se negociarán, había una diferencia de $3 millones que favorecían el lado chino.

Antes de firmar el protocolo final, el primer ministro chino en ese entonces, En-lai de Chou, dijo a Che que China apareciera recibir más en productos que qué exportaba a Cuba.

Era decidido tan para tener una línea de $3 millones en artes y las exportaciones de los artes, dadas eso en ese entonces, no podríamos encontrar ninguna otra productos que resolvieron nuestras necesidades.

Estaba fuera de ese contingente del protocolo de los artes y de los artes chinos que las porciones de historias circularon en La Habana sobre el de gran capacidad de palillos chinos y de paraguas que caminaban que eran vendidos en nuestros almacenes.

Realmente, el chino nos envió el craftwork valioso que soy seguro excedí el valor mencionado previamente.

Creí siempre que ni ellos ni nosotros realmente valoramos esas cosas maravillosas.

En los extranjeros contrarios, ciertos que vivían en Cuba temporalmente aprovéchese de la situación, enriqueciéndose con la venta ilegal de esos tesoros del arte.

Otra fuente de anecdotes y de bromas era los removedores de la nieve. Pienso que éstos tenían realmente una base en verdad, en las máquinas que eran iguales o similar y fui comprado para ser probado en nuestra industria de explotación minera.

Nunca me olvidaré de la mirada del asombro en la cara del traductor soviético que, en la lectura de la lista de cosas nosotros necesitó, no sabía qué decir cuándo un error que mecanografiaba lo condujo a leer la necesidad de millares de “labios del mono” (los bembas de mono) en vez de las “bombas manuales” (bombas de mano).

Bromeamos entre nosotros mismos sobre la decisión de comandante Guevara para comprar toda la carne conservada que podríamos, y también todas las máquinas de herramientas que podríamos.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.

CHE IN 1959
Automatically translated into Italian thanks to WorldLingo
• Da 1959, il guerrigliero eroico si è trasformato in in uno dei capi centrali del processo rivoluzionario come conseguenza della sue determinazione, versatilità ed abilità dimostrate ed a causa del dinamico degli eventi tremendi derivando dall'aggressione contro la Cuba • Héctor Rodríguez Lompart ricorda la strategia del Fidel Castro per il combattimento il blocco che ora avere più di 45 anni ed atteggiato da Che, che avrebbe avere 80 anni il 14 giugno

DA GABRIEL MOLINA:

• La rivoluzione Cuban è stata costretta sempre per difendersi dall'ostilità degli Stati Uniti governo, fin dai giorni della sierra Maestra.

Fin da marzo' di 59, appena tre mesi dopo che il trionfo della lotta munita, allora-Vice - il presidente Richard Nixon ha lasciato una riunione che aveva tenuto con Fidel a Washington ed il presidente convinto Eisenhower che l'azione ha dovuto essere intrapresa per overthrow.

Che lo stesso anno, gli Stati Uniti hanno persuaso il governo britannico per annullare una vendita degli aerei del combattente del cacciatore in Cuba. Secondo il parere degli Stati Uniti le autorità, quelle velivolo avrebbero proposto un problema per l'invasione che stava preparando e che è stato effettuato nell'aprile 1961 nella baia dei maiali. Con lo stesso obiettivo, la La francese Coubre della nave è stata scoppiata nel febbraio 1960 mentre i munitions stavano scaricandi sui bacini de Avana. Le dozzine dei cittadini del francese e dei cubani sono state uccise in quanto atto del terrorista, attribuito in Cuba al CIA. Simultaneamente, Washington ha impedito ad un consorzio della banca d'Europa occidentale di approvare un prestito in Cuba di $100 milioni.

A volte il governo rivoluzionario ha adottato la tattica di retaliating ai colpi economici. Il 6 giugno, quando l'olio standard, il Texaco e le aziende olandesi reali di Shell Oil Rifiutati, sotto gli Stati Uniti le commesse pubbliche, raffinare l'olio che la Cuba aveva comprato dall'Unione Sovietica, il governo Cuban non hanno esitato ad assumere la direzione delle raffinerie più meno d'un mese più successivamente. Sparring è continuato con il boicottaggio che la gestione del Eisenhower ha promosso fra gli esportatori dell'olio e le aziende di trasporto.

La Cuba ha risposto nazionalizzando le relative raffinerie il 6 agosto.

Che Guevara ha partecipato a tutte le quegli eventi e decisioni corrispondenti, non appena come un combattente e politico, ma come un economista, o detto migliore, uno stratega dell'economia insieme a Fidel, una funzione per cui lui non è così ben nota.

Cominciando con la prima responsabilità civile ufficiale del Che come direttore delle industrie dell'istituto della riforma agraria ed anche come il presidente di National Bank a partire da novembre' di 60 e ministro delle industrie a partire da 1962, era il suo dovere da comportarsi principalmente nell'economia, effettuare la linea di differenziazione che la rivoluzione aveva progettato entrambi nella produzione e nel commercio internazionale. Un testimone eccezionale alla traiettoria del comandante Guevara è tormentatore Rodríguez Llompart, che ha venuto a contatto di Che nel fortress di Cabaña della La - dove il comandante Guevara era il capo militare - all'inizio di 1959. Llompart era il commissario comunale di Regla e visitato lui insieme al capitano Miguel Angel Duque de Estrada, che era incaricato delle corti rivoluzionarie. Qui sono alcune delle sue memorie e valutazioni importanti.

Come vi ricordate di quei primi giorni dell'aggressione?

--Aggressioni di tutti i tipi dagli Stati Uniti il governo contro la Cuba ha cominciato molto nella fase iniziale.

L'aggressione munita contro i centri di produzione dell'isola, gli attacchi del terrorista e le minacce munite sono stati risposti a dalla rivoluzione dall'organizzazione migliorata delle relative apparecchiature di sicurezza e dei militari, acquistante le armi e generante le milizie rivoluzionarie nazionali, i comitati per difesa della rivoluzione, ecc.

Il supporto e la determinazione della nostra gente da combattere per la vittoria sotto lo slogan della patria o della morte del `' hanno reso le trincee politiche impregnable.

I programmi per aggressione economica erano più surreptitious, ma appena come pericolosi

Come Che ha partecipato alla lotta contro quei programmi?

- La dipendenza quasi totale dagli Stati Uniti introduca ed i nostri legami economici di 50 anni più con l'alimentazione coloniale precedente resa alla situazione della nostra economia aperta ancor più complicata.

Era essenziale per trovare altri mercati per la vendita dei nostri prodotti, così come per le merci importate.

Verso la fine del 1959, un'esposizione del Soviet è stata regolata per avvenire nel Messico e la delegazione sovietica stava conducenda dal allora-Delegato il Primo Ministro Anastas Mikoyan.

A quel tempo, ero un funzionario al Ministero degli affari esteri ed era precisamente comandante Guevara che mi ha detto che dovrei andare nel Messico invitare ufficialmente Mikoyan per portare l'esposizione sovietica ad Avana e per lui personalmente a cavo, se possibile, la missione sovietica.

Come un anecdote personale, mi ricordo di come i giornali hanno annunciato la chiamata del Che; il giorno sono arrivato nel Messico, ci erano molti reporter e photographers all'aeroporto. L'universale di EL del giornale ha segnalato alle notizie quel giorno sotto il titolo: “Stavano prevedendo barbuto e liscio-cheeked è arrivato.„

Dopo che un certo numero di battute d'arresto si riferiscano ad un congresso ecclesiastical che stava avvenendo allora in Cuba, la chiamata è stata proposta ed infine è accaduto nel febbraio 1960.

La delegazione Cuban condotta dal comandante Guevara e quello sovietico ha giudicato un certo numero parla della necessità di disporre le nostre vendite dello zucchero in URSS [mercato], di fronte alla sospensione imminente degli acquisti dagli Stati Uniti.

Un accordo commerciale ed un altro su accreditamento infine sono stati firmati il 13 febbraio 1960 dal Commander-in-Chief [Fidel Castro] e da Anastas Mikoyan.

A quel tempo, l'URSS ha promesso di comprare 5 milione tonnellate di zucchero non raffinato Cuban in cinque anni e ci ha assegnato un accreditamento di $100 milioni, per essere rimborsata in 12 anni con interesse 2.5%.

Al congresso di NU su commercio e su sviluppo il 25 marzo 1964, parlando in nome del nostro governo, il comandante Guevara ha riassunto quello primo periodo come segue: “Successivamente, questa aggressione è stata caratterizzata dalle misure puntate su paralizzando l'economia Cuban. L'idea era privare la Cuba, in mid-1960, del combustibile che ha avuto bisogno di per il funzionamento delle relative industrie, del trasporto e delle centrali elettriche elettriche. Sotto pressione da State Department, gli Stati Uniti indipendenti le compagnie petrolifere hanno rifiutato di vendere l'olio in Cuba o di rendere le loro navi dell'autocisterna disponibili per il relativo trasporto. Presto in seguito, un tentativo è stato fatto di privare l'isola della moneta forte necessaria per commercio estero. Il 6 luglio 1960, il allora-Presidente Eisenhower ha tagliato la quota dello zucchero della Cuba negli Stati Uniti a 700.000 tonnellate, completamente eliminanti quella quota il 31 marzo 1961, alcuni giorni dopo che l'alleanza annunciata per progresso ed i giorni prima della baia dell'invasione dei maiali. Ci era un tentativo di interrompere l'industria della Cuba, privandola delle materie prime e dei pezzi di ricambio per le relative macchine e, a tale scopo, il 19 ottobre 1960, gli Stati Uniti Il ministero del commercio ha pubblicato una risoluzione che proibisce la spedizione dei prodotti numerosi alla nostra isola. Quel divieto di commercio con la Cuba è diventato più grande, fino ad il 3 febbraio 1962, il allora-Presidente Kennedy ha dichiarato un embargo completo sugli Stati Uniti commercio con la Cuba. “

Venendo a mancare in tutto della relativa aggressione, gli Stati Uniti si sono mossi per effettuare un blocco economico contro il nostro paese, puntato su impedire altri paesi il commercio con noi. In primo luogo, il 24 gennaio 1962, gli Stati Uniti Il reparto di Ministero del Tesoro ha annunciato che stava proibendo l'entrata in Stati Uniti di tutto il prodotto fatto, interamente o in parte, con i prodotti Cuban, anche se fossero prodotti in un altro paese. Ad un altro punto indicando l'istituzione di un blocco economico virtuale, il 6 febbraio 1963, la Casa Bianca ha pubblicato un comunicato stampa annunciante che merce comprata con gli Stati Uniti i soldi di governo non sarebbero caricati sopra alle navi con le bandierine straniere che si erano agganciate nel commercio con la Cuba dopo il 1° gennaio di quell'anno. Quello era come la lista nera ha cominciato, che ora si applica a più di 150 navi dai paesi che non hanno piegato giù negli Stati Uniti illegali blocco. E ad un altro punto, ostacolare commercio con la Cuba, l'8 luglio 1963, gli Stati Uniti Il reparto di Ministero del Tesoro ha congelato tutti i beni Cuban negli Stati Uniti territorio e proibito tutti i trasferimenti di soldi a e da la Cuba, così come qualunque altra transazione nei dollari via i p#si terzi.

Che cosa erano gli obiettivi di quel giro?

- La decisione per privarla di combustibile, sospende gli acquisti dello zucchero Cuban e l'altra aggressione economica già si era attuata entro l'ottobre 1960, quando, come segretaria del delegato al Ministero degli affari esteri, ho ricevuto una telefonata dai Barrios del Jaime, che hanno lavorato con Che, informandolo quello nei giorni che dovrei unire una delegazione che sarebbe condotta da Che e visiterebbe tutti i paesi socialisti. A quel tempo, Che già stava comunicando con noi parecchio circa la necessità di sviluppare i rapporti con quei paesi.

Più successivamente, imparerei più particolari circa la nostra missione; l'obiettivo primario di differenziazione del nostro commercio disponendo la maggior parte della nostra produzione di zucchero in quei mercati e sostituendo la maggior parte delle nostre importazioni con i prodotti da quei posti.

Una volta in URSS, una riunione di emergenza ha avvenuto a Mosca che ha incluso quasi tutti i ministri stranieri dei paesi socialisti. Nella riunione, il comandante Guevara ha spiegato la situazione seria che affronta la rivoluzione Cuban data l'aggressione imperialist e come il tema principale, la necessità di disporre quattro milione tonnellate di zucchero in quei mercati, ad un prezzo di quattro centesimi per la libbra. Questo prezzo era allora superiore al tasso sulla borsa valori de New York.

Inoltre ha detto che era necessario per la Cuba da comprare i relativi prodotti essenziali da quei paesi.

Dovreste ricordarti di che allora, la Cuba ancora non ha avuta un Ministero di commercio estero ed abbiamo avuti le informazioni pochissime ed ancor meno esperienza, in quella zona. Tutte che avessimo erano discussioni politiche solide e una lettera firmata dal nostro ministro principale, dal comandante Fidel Castro, che hanno avuti la richiesta suddetta e dal relativo elemento portante era comandante Guevara.

Che cosa erano gli accordi raggiunti?

- Come risultato di quelle trattative, URSS promessa per comprare 2.7 milione tonnellate di zucchero; La Cina, un milione di tonnellate; e gli altri paesi socialisti, 300.000 tonnellate.

In più, la Corea, il Vietnam e la Mongolia hanno comprato le quantità simboliche come espressione di supporto e della solidarietà con i paesi socialisti.

A Mosca, un accordo multilaterale sui pagamenti inoltre è stato firmato.

Con l'obiettivo degli accordi commerciali raggiungenti che le liste incluse dei prodotti da comprare e degli accordi di pagamento e venduto e degli accordi di accreditamento, la delegazione condotta da Che inoltre hanno visitato la Cecoslovacchia, la Cina, la Corea e la Repubblica Federale di Germania.

Durante il suo soggiorno in Cina e salvare il tempo, Che ha deciso che visiterebbe la Repubblica di Corea Democratica e mi ha fatto condurre un piccolo gruppo nel Vietnam ed in Mongolia, paesi con cui inoltre abbiamo stabilito allora i rapporti diplomatici.

Alla conclusione del suo soggiorno a Berlino, Che ha dovuto rinviare in Cuba, informante li che farebbe un arresto corto a Budapest e che la delegazione che stavo conducendo da quel momento in poi dovrebbe viaggiare in Polonia, in Ungheria, in Romania, in Bulgaria ed in Albania.

Era già ci colloquio della necessità di cambiare la struttura commerciale della Cuba?

- Dopo essere arrivato in Cuba, il comandante Guevara è comparso sulla televisione il 6 gennaio 1961, al rapporto sulla sign degli accordi con i paesi socialisti:

“Era un'operazione estremamente difficile, un'operazione difficile, perché abbiamo dovuto cambiare la struttura del nostro commercio appena di alcuni mesi. Dalla fine di 1959, esattamente un anno fa, la Cuba ha passato da essere un paese con una struttura completamente coloniale, con i sistemi di commercio domestico ed estero completamente dominati dalle grandi aziende di importazione dipendenti dal capitale di monopolio, ad essere - in 10 mesi, a partire da ottobre, quando il ciclo definitivo si concluderà - un paese in cui il dichiarare tiene un commercio estero dell'eccedenza completa di monopolio ed anche una grande parte di commercio del domestic. “

Inoltre si è riferito alle difficoltà supplementari che eravamo affrontare, dato quello in quei paesi, il sistema metrico decimale è stato usato, mentre abbiamo continuato ad usare la pratica coloniale di pesare nelle libbre e di misurazione nelle iarde, con differenti sistemi per pressione di misurazione o un montaggio di tubo semplice.

Materiale elettrico negli usi della Cuba 60 cicli, mentre nei paesi socialisti, era di 50 cicli al secondo.

In breve, stavamo affrontando tutti i tipi delle difficoltà, ma con la determinazione per sormontare loro ed il trionfo sopra loro in faccia del dilemma generato per noi dall'aggressione imperialist.

I anecdotes interessanti sono emerso da queste esperienze iniziali.

Per esempio, in Cina quando valutano la lista dei prodotti da commerciare, ci era una differenza di $3 milioni che favoriscono il lato cinese.

Prima della sign del protocollo finale, il ministro principale cinese allora, En-lai del Chou, ha detto a Che a che la Cina non dovrebbe sembrare ricevere più in prodotti che che cosa stava esportando in Cuba.

Così è stato deciso per avere una linea di $3 milioni nelle arti ed esportazioni dei mestieri, date allora quello, non potremmo trovare alcuni altri prodotti che hanno soddisfatto le nostre esigenze.

Era da quel contingente di protocollo delle arti cinesi e dei mestieri che i lotti delle storia hanno fatto circolare a Avana circa il grande volume dei bastoni e degli ombrelli ambulanti di cinese che sono venduti nei nostri depositi.

Realmente, il cinese ci ha trasmesso il craftwork importante che sono sicuro ho ecceduto il valore precedentemente accennato.

Ho creduto sempre che nè nè noi realmente stimassimo quelle cose meravigliose.

Al contrario, gli stranieri sicuri che stavano vivendo temporaneamente in Cuba hanno approfittato della situazione, arricchentesi con la vendita illegale di quei tesori di arte.

Un'altra fonte dei anecdotes e degli scherzi era i dispositivi di rimozione della neve. Penso che questi realmente abbiano avuti una base nella verità, in macchine che erano le stesse o simile e sono stato comprato per essere provato nella nostra industria estrattiva.

Non dimenticherò mai lo sguardo di stupefazione sulla faccia del traduttore sovietico che, nell'indicare la lista delle cose noi ha avuto bisogno, non ha conosciuto di che cosa dire quando un errore di battitura a macchina lo ha condotto leggere l'esigenza delle migliaia “dei labbri della scimmia„ (bembas de mono) anziché “le pompe a mano„ (bombas de mano).

Abbiamo scherzato fra noi stessi circa la decisione dal comandante Guevara per comprare tutta la carne che inscatolata potremmo ed anche tutte le macchine utensili che potremmo.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.

CHE 1959
Automatically translated into German thanks to WorldLingo
• Von 1959 wurde der heroische Bandenkämpfer einer der zentralen Führer des revolutionären Prozesses resultierend aus seiner nachgewiesenen Ermittlung, vielseitigen Verwendbarkeit und Fähigkeiten und wegen des dynamischen der enormen Fälle, resultierend aus dem Angriff gegen Kuba • Héctor Rodríguez Lompart ruft Strategie Fidel Castros für das Bekämpfen der Blockade, die jetzt mehr als 45 Jahre alt ist, und Rolle gespielt von Che zurück, der 80 Jahre am 14. Juni alt gewesen sein würde

DURCH GABRIEL MOLINA:

• DIE kubanische Revolution ist immer gezwungen worden, um sich von der Feindseligkeit der US zu verteidigen Regierung, so weit Rückseite wie die Tage der Sierra Maestra.

Schon in März von' 59, gerade drei Monate nachdem der Triumph des bewaffneten Kampfes, dann-Vize - Präsident Richard Nixon ließ eine Sitzung, die er mit Fidel in Washington und überzeugtem Präsidenten Eisenhower abgehalten hatte, daß Maßnahmen ergriffen werden mußten, um ihn zu besiegen.

Daß das gleiche Jahr, die Vereinigten Staaten die britische Regierung überzeugten, um einen Verkauf der Jägerkämpferflächen nach Kuba zu annullieren. In der Meinung der US die Behörden, jene Flugzeug würden ein Problem für die Invasion aufgeworfen haben, die es sich vorbereitete und das im April 1961 in der Bucht der Schweine durchgeführt wurde. Mit dem gleichen Ziel wurde das französische Schiff La Coubre gesprengt, im Februar 1960 während Munitions auf Docks Havanas geleert wurden. Dutzende Kubaner- und Franzosebürger wurden dadurch daß die Terroristtat getötet, zugeschrieben in Kuba zum CIA. Gleichzeitig verhinderte Washington eine Vereinigung von westeuropäischen Bänken am Genehmigen eines Darlehens nach Kuba von $100 Million.

Manchmal nahm die revolutionäre Regierung die Taktik der représaille zu den ökonomischen Schlägen an. Am 6. Juni wenn das Standardöl, das Texaco und königlichen holländischen die Shell ölfirmen abgelehnt, unter US Regierung Aufträge, öl zu verfeinern, das Kuba von der Sowjetunion gekauft hatte, die kubanische Regierung zögerten nicht, die Raffinerien weniger als ein Monat später zu übernehmen. Das Sparring fuhr mit dem Boykott fort, den die Eisenhower Leitung unter ölexporteuren und Verschiffenfirmen förderte.

Kuba reagierte, indem es seine Raffinerien am 6. August nationalisierte.

Che Guevara nahm an allen jene von und von entsprechenden Entscheidungen, nicht gerade als Kämpfer und Politiker, aber als Wirtschaftswissenschaftler oder besseres besagtes, ein Stratege der Wirtschaft zusammen mit Fidel teil, für den eine Funktion er nicht so weithin bekannt ist.

Anfangend mit Ches erster amtlicher Zivilverantwortlichkeit als Direktor der Industrien für das Institut der landwirtschaftlichen Verbesserung und auch als Präsident National Banks ab November von' 60 und Minister von Industrien ab 1962, war es seine Aufgabe, zum in der Wirtschaft hauptsächlich zu fungieren, die Linie der Diversifikation einzuführen, der die Revolution beide in der Produktion und im zwischenstaatlichen Handel entworfen hatte. Ein aussergewöhnlicher Zeuge zur Flugbahn des Kommandanten Guevara ist Tyrann Rodríguez Llompart, der Che in der La Cabaña Festung - wo Kommandant Guevara der militärische Leiter war - frühem 1959 traf. Llompart war das städtische Beauftragte von Regla, und besucht ihm zusammen mit De Estrada des Kapitäns Miguel Angel Duque, das verantwortlich für die revolutionären Gerichte war. Sind hier einige seiner wertvollen Gedächtnisse und Einschätzungen.

Wie erinnern Sie sich an jene ersten Tage des Angriffs?

--Angriffe aller Arten durch die US Regierung gegen Kuba fing sehr früh an an.

Der bewaffnete Angriff gegen die Produktionszentren der Insel, die Terroristangriffe und die bewaffneten Drohungen wurden durch die Revolution durch die verbesserte Organisation seiner Militär- und Sicherheitsapparate beantwortet, erwarben Waffen, und verursachen die nationalen revolutionären Milizen, die Ausschüsse für Verteidigung der Revolution, etc.

Die Unterstützung und die Ermittlung unserer Leute, zum für Sieg unter dem Slogan der `Heimaten oder des Todes zu kämpfen' bildeten die politischen Gräben unumstößlich.

Die Pläne für ökonomischen Angriff waren surreptitious, aber gerade, wie gefährlich

Wie nahm Che am Kampf gegen jene Pläne teil?

- Die fast Gesamtabhängigkeit auf den US vermarkten Sie und unsere ökonomischen Riegel von 50 Plusjahren mit der ehemaligen Kolonialenergie, die die Situation unserer sogar erschwerten offenen Volkswirtschaft gebildet wird.

Es war wesentlich, andere Märkte für den Verkauf unserer Produkte, sowie für importierte Waren zu finden.

Spätem 1959 wurde eine Sowjetausstellung eingestellt, um in Mexiko stattzufinden, und die sowjetische Delegation wurde vom DannAbgeordneten Premierminister Anastas Mikoyan geführt.

Zu dieser Zeit war ich ein Beamter am Ministerium von Außenpolitik, und es war genau Kommandant Guevara, der mir, daß ich nach Mexiko gehen sollte, Mikoyan offiziell einzuladen, um die sowjetische Ausstellung nach Havana zu holen, und für ihn persönlich zur Leitung erklärte, wenn möglich, die sowjetische Mission.

Als eine persönliche Anekdote erinnere mich ich, an wie die Zeitungen Besuch Ches verkündeten; der Tag kam ich in Mexiko an, gab es viele Reporter und Photographen am Flughafen. Die Zeitung EL Universalität berichtete über den Nachrichten diesen Tag unter der Schlagzeile: „Sie erwarteten ein bärtiges, und ein glattes-cheeked man kam.“ an

Nachdem eine Anzahl von Hindernissen auf einem kirchlichen Kongreß bezog, der in Kuba zu der Zeit stattfand, wurde der Besuch vorgeschlagen und geschah schließlich im Februar 1960.

Die kubanische Delegation, die von Kommandanten Guevara und das sowjetische man geführt wurde, hielt eine Zahl von spricht über die Notwendigkeit, unsere Zuckerverkäufe in die UDSSR [Markt], angesichts der unmittelbar drohenden Aufhebung der Erwerbe durch die Vereinigten Staaten zu legen.

Ein Handelsabkommen und andere auf Gutschrift wurden schließlich am 13. Februar 1960 durch den Commander-in-Chief [Fidel Castro] und Anastas Mikoyan unterzeichnet.

Zu dieser Zeit bewilligte die UDSSR, die versprochen wurde, um 5 Million Tonnen kubanischen Rohzucker über fünf Jahren zu kaufen, und uns eine Gutschrift von $100 Million, über 12 Jahren mit Interesse 2.5% zurückerstattet zu werden.

Bei der UNO Konferenz auf Handel und Entwicklung am 25. März 1964, sprechend im Namen unserer Regierung, summierte Kommandant Guevara den erste Periode auf, wie folgt: „Nachher, wurde dieser Angriff durch die Masse gekennzeichnet, die paralyzing die kubanische Wirtschaft angestrebt wurden. Die Idee war, Kuba, in mid-1960, des Kraftstoffs, den es für den Betrieb seiner Industrien, benötigte des Transportes und der Leistungbetriebe zu berauben. Unter Druck von der Zustand-Abteilung, unabhängige US ölfirmen lehnten, öl nach Kuba zu verkaufen ab oder ihre Tankerschiffe zur Verfügung zu stellen für seinen Transport. Kurz danach, wurde ein Versuch, die Insel die notwendige starke Hartwährung für Außenhandel zu berauben gebildet. Am 6. Juli 1960 schnitt DannPräsident Eisenhower Quote Kubas Zuckerin die Vereinigten Staaten zu 700.000 Tonnen und total beseitigte diese Quote am 31. März 1961, einige Tage nachdem das verkündete Bündnis für Fortschritt und Tage vor der Bucht der Schweininvasion. Es gab einen Versuch, Industrie Kubas zu schließen, indem man sie Rohstoffe und Ersatzteile für seine Maschinen und zu diesem Zweck am 19. Oktober 1960 die US beraubte Handelsministerium gab eine Auflösung heraus, die den Versand der zahlreichen Produkte zu unserer Insel verbietet. Dieses Verbot auf Handel mit Kuba wurde grösser, bis am 3. Februar 1962, erklärte DannPräsident Kennedy ein komplettes Embargo auf US Handel mit Kuba. „

, ausfallend in den ganzen seinen Angriff, bewogen die Vereinigten Staaten, um eine Wirtschaftsblockade gegen unser Land einzuführen, angestrebt, zu verhindern, daß andere Länder mit uns handeln. Zuerst von allen am 24. Januar 1962 die US Fiskus-Abteilung verkündete, daß sie Eintragung in die Vereinigten Staaten jedes möglichen gebildeten Produktes verbot, insgesamt oder im Teil, mit kubanischen Produkten, selbst wenn sie in einem anderen Land hergestellt wurden. In einem anderen Schritt, die Einrichtung einer virtuellen Wirtschaftsblockade bedeutend am 6. Februar 1963 gab das Weiße Haus ein Pressekommuniquã# verkündend daß die Waren heraus, die mit US gekauft wurden Regierung Geld würde nicht an zu den Schiffen mit fremden Markierungsfahnen geladen, die sich im Handel mit Kuba nach dem 1. Januar dieses Jahres engagiert hatten. Das war, wie die schwarze Liste anfing, die jetzt auf mehr als 150 Schiffe von den Ländern zugetroffen wird, die unten nicht in die ungültigen US beugten Blockade. Und in einem anderen Schritt, Handel mit Kuba hindern am 8. Juli 1963 die US Fiskus-Abteilung fror alle kubanischen Werte in US ein Gegend und verboten allen übertragungen des Geldes nach und von Kuba, sowie irgendeine andere Verhandlung in den Dollar über Drittländer.

Was waren die Zielsetzungen dieser Tour?

- Die Entscheidung, zum wir Kraftstoff zu berauben, verschieben Erwerbe des kubanischen Zuckers und anderer ökonomischer Angriff hatte verwirklicht bereits für Oktober 1960, als, als Abgeordnetsekretärin am Ministerium von Außenpolitik, ich einen Telefonanruf von den Jaime Barrios empfing, die mit Che bearbeiteten und mich informiert das an den kommenden Tagen, die ich eine Delegation verbinden sollte, die würde von Che geführt und würde alle sozialistischen Länder besichtigen. Zu dieser Zeit sprach Che bereits mit uns ziemlich viel über die Notwendigkeit, Relationen mit jenen Ländern zu errichten.

Später würde ich mehr Details über unsere Mission erlernen; die Primärzielsetzung des Variierens unseres Handels durch das Legen die meisten unserer Zuckerproduktion in jene Märkte und das Ersetzen der Majorität unserer Importe mit Produkten von jenen Plätzen.

Einmal in der UDSSR, fand eine Dringlichkeitssitzung in Moskau statt, das fast alle Außenminister der sozialistischen Länder miteinschloß. In der Sitzung erklärte Kommandant Guevara die ernste Situation, welche die kubanische Revolution den imperialist Angriff gegeben gegenüberstellt, und als das Hauptthema, zerstoßen die Notwendigkeit, vier Million Tonnen Zucker in jene Märkte, zu einem Preis von vier Cents pro zu legen. Dieser Preis war höher als die Rate auf der New York Börse zu der Zeit.

Er sagte auch, daß es notwendig für Kuba war, seine wesentlichen Produkte aus jenen Ländern zu kaufen.

Sie sollten daran erinnern, daß zu der Zeit, Kuba nicht noch ein Ministerium des Außenhandels hatte, und wir hatten sehr wenig Informationen und sogar weniger Erfahrung, in diesem Bereich. Alle, die wir hatten, waren feste politische Argumente und ein Brief, der von unserem Premierminister, vom Kommandanten Fidel Castro unterzeichnet wurde, die den obenerwähnten Antrag hatten, und von seiner Träger war Kommandant Guevara.

Was waren die erreichten Vereinbarungen?

- Als Resultat jener Vermittlungen, die UDSSR versprochen, um 2.7 Million Tonnen Zucker zu kaufen; China, eine Million Tonnen; und die anderen sozialistischen Länder, 300.000 Tonnen.

Zusätzlich kauften Korea, Vietnam und Mongolei symbolische Quantitäten als Ausdruck der Unterstützung und der solidarität mit den sozialistischen Ländern.

In Moskau wurde ein vielseitiger Vertrag über Zahlungen auch geschlossen.

Mit dem Ziel der erreichenden Handelsabkommen, die enthaltene Listen der gekauft zu werden Produkte und der verkauften, Zahlung Vereinbarungen und der Gutschriftvereinbarungen, die Delegation durch Che auch führten, besichtigte die Tschechoslowakei, China, Korea und die Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

Während seines Aufenthalts in China und Zeit zu speichern, entschied Che, daß er die demokratische Republik von Korea besuchen würde, und ließ mich eine kleine Gruppe nach Vietnam und Mongolei, Länder führen, mit denen wir auch diplomatische Relationen zu der Zeit herstellten.

Am Ende seines Aufenthalts in Berlin, mußte Che nach Kuba zurückkommen und uns informieren, daß er einen kurzen Anschlag in Budapest bilden würde und daß die Delegation, die ich von dann an führte, nach Polen, Ungarn, Rumänien, Bulgarien und Albanien reisen sollte.

Gab es bereits Gespräch der Notwendigkeit, Kubas Geschäftsstruktur zu ändern?

- Nachdem dem Ankommen in Kuba, Kommandant Guevara, erschien auf Fernsehen am 6. Januar 1961, zum Bericht über das Unterzeichnen der Vereinbarungen mit den sozialistischen Ländern:

„Es war eine extrem schwierige Aufgabe, eine schwierige Aufgabe, weil wir die Struktur unseres Handels in gerade einigen Monaten haben ändern gemußt. Vom Ende 1959, genau einem Jahr, hat Kuba vom Sein ein Land mit einer total Kolonialstruktur überschritten, wenn die Systeme des inländischen und vor Außenhandels vollständig beherrscht sind, durch die großen Importgesellschaften, die vom Monopolkapital, zum Sein abhängig sind - in 10 Monaten, ab Oktober, wenn der Zyklus endgültig beendet - ein Land, in dem der Zustand einen Außenhandel des kompletten Monopolüberschusses hält, und auch ein großes Teil Hausangestellthandel. „

Er bezog auch sich auf zusätzliche Schwierigkeiten, daß wir das Gegenüberstellen waren, das in jenen Ländern gegeben, das dezimale metrische System wurde verwendet, während wir fortfuhren, die Kolonialpraxis von wiegen zerstoßen und von Messen in den Yards, mit unterschiedlichen Systemen für messenden Druck oder ein einfaches Rohrfitting zu verwenden.

Elektrische Ausrüstung im Kuba Gebrauch 60 Zyklen, während in den sozialistischen Ländern, war es 50 Zyklen pro Sekunde.

Kurz gesagt stellten wir alle Arten Schwierigkeiten, aber mit der Ermittlung gegenüber, um sie und Triumph über ihnen im Gesicht des Dilemmas zu überwinden, das für uns durch den imperialist Angriff verursacht wurde.

Interessante Anekdoten tauchten aus diesen Ausgangserfahrungen heraus auf.

Z.B. in China, wenn die Liste der gehandelt zu werden ausgewertet wird Produkte, gab es einen Unterschied von $3 Million die chinesische Seite bevorzugend.

Bevor er zu der Zeit das abschließende Protokoll unterzeichnete, erklärte der chinesische Premierminister, Chou En-lai, Che, daß China nicht scheinen sollte, mehr in den Produkten als zu empfangen, was es nach Kuba exportierte.

So wurde es entschieden, um eine Linie von $3 Million in den künsten zu haben und die Fertigkeitexporte, das zu der Zeit gegeben, könnten wir keine anderen Produkte finden, die unsere Bedürfnisse erfüllten.

Es war aus diesem Protokollkontingent der chinesischen künste und der Fertigkeiten heraus, die Lose Geschichten in Havana über das umfangreiche der chinesischen gehenden Stöcke und der Regenschirme verteilten, die in unseren Speichern verkauft wurden.

Wirklich schickte der Chinese uns wertvolles craftwork, daß ich überstieg den vorher erwähnten Wert sicher bin.

Ich glaubte immer, daß weder sie noch wir wirklich jene wundervollen Sachen bewerteten.

Auf den konträren, bestimmten Ausländern, die in Kuba vorübergehend wohnten, nutzen Sie die Situation und durch den ungültigen Verkauf jener kunstschätze sich anreichern.

Eine andere Quelle der Anekdoten und der Witze war die Schneeremover. Ich denke, daß diese wirklich eine Grundlage in der Wahrheit hatten, in den Maschinen, die die selben waren, oder ähnlich und wurde gekauft, in unserer Minenindustrie ausprobiert zu werden.

Ich vergesse nie den Blick der Verwunderung auf dem Gesicht des sowjetischen übersetzers, der, wenn es die Liste von Sachen wir las, nicht was benötigte wußte, zu sagen, als ein Tippfehler ihn führte, die Notwendigkeit an den Tausenden „Affelippen“ (bembas De mono) anstelle „von den Handpumpen“ zu lesen (Bombas de Mano).

Wir scherzten unter uns selbst über die Entscheidung durch Kommandanten Guevara, um alles eingemachte Fleisch zu kaufen, das wir könnten und auch allen Werkzeugmaschinen, die wir könnten.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.

CHE EM 1959
Automatically translated into Portuguese thanks to WorldLingo
• De 1959, o guerrilla heroic transformou-se um dos líderes centrais do processo revolucionário em conseqüência de suas determinação, versatilidade e abilidades provadas e por causa do dinâmico dos eventos tremendos resultando do aggression de encontro a Cuba • Héctor Rodríguez Lompart recorda a estratégia de Fidel Castro para combater o blockade que tem agora mais de 45 anos velho, e o papel jogado por Che, que teria 80 anos velho junho em 14

POR GABRIEL MOLINA:

• A volta Cuban foi forçada sempre para defender-se da hostilidade dos ESTADOS UNIDOS. governo, tão distante parte traseira quanto os dias do Sierra Maestra.

Assim que março' de 59, apenas três meses depois que o triunfo do esforço armado, então-Vice - o presidente Richard Nixon deixou uma reunião que tinha realizado com o Fidel em Washington e o presidente convencido Eisenhower que a ação teve que ser feita exame para overthrow o.

Que o mesmo ano, os Estados Unidos persuadiram o governo britânico para cancelar uma venda de planos do lutador do caçador a Cuba. Na opinião dos ESTADOS UNIDOS. as autoridades, aquelas avião posed um problema para a invasão que se preparasse, e que fosse realizado em abril 1961 na baía dos porcos. Com o mesmo objetivo, o La francês Coubre do navio foi fundido - acima em fevereiro 1960 enquanto os munitions eram descarregados em docas de Havana. As dúzias de cidadãos dos cubanos e do francês foram matadas que ato do terrorista, atribuído em Cuba ao CIA. Simultaneamente, Washington impediu um consortium de ocidental - bancos europeus de aprovar um empréstimo a Cuba de $100 milhões.

Às vezes o governo revolucionário adotou a tática de retaliating aos sopros econômicos. Junho em 6, quando o óleo padrão, o Texaco e as companhias de óleo holandesas reais de Shell recusados, sob ESTADOS UNIDOS. as ordens de governo, para refinar o óleo que Cuba tinha comprado da União Soviética, o governo Cuban não hesitate fazer exame sobre as refinarias mais menos de um mês de mais tarde. Sparring continuou com o boycott que a administração de Eisenhower promoveu entre exportadores do óleo e companhias de transporte.

Cuba respondeu nationalizing suas refinarias agosto em 6.

Che Guevara participou em todas aqueles eventos e decisões correspondentes, não apenas como um combatente e um político, mas como um economista, ou dito melhor, um strategist da economia junto com Fidel, uma função para que ele não é assim boa - sabido.

Começando com a primeira responsabilidade civil oficial de Che como o diretor das indústrias para o instituto da reforma Agrarian, e também como o presidente de National Bank até à data de novembro' de 60, e o ministro das indústrias até à data de 1962, era seu dever a agir principalmente na economia, para executar a linha da diversificação que a volta tinha feito um mapa de ambos na produção e no comércio internacional. Uma testemunha excepcional ao trajectory do comandante Guevara é o Hector Rodríguez Llompart, que se encontrou com Che no fortress de Cabaña do La - onde o comandante Guevara era o chefe militar - em 1959 adiantado. Llompart era o comissário municipal de Regla, e visitado lhe junto com o capitão Miguel Anjo Duque de Estrada, que estava na carga das cortes revolucionárias. Estão aqui algumas de suas memórias e avaliações valiosas.

Como você recorda aqueles primeiros dias do aggression?

--Aggressions de todos os tipos pelos ESTADOS UNIDOS. o governo de encontro a Cuba começou muito cedo sobre.

O aggression armado de encontro aos centros de produção do console, os ataques do terrorista e as ameaças armadas foram respondidos pela volta pela organização melhorada de seus instrumentos das forças armadas e da segurança, adquirindo armas, e criando as milícias revolucionárias nacionais, comitês para a defesa da volta, etc.

A sustentação e a determinação de nossos povos a lutar pela vitória sob o slogan do Homeland ou da morte do `' fizeram as trincheiras políticas impregnable.

As plantas para o aggression econômico eram mais surreptitious, mas apenas como perigosas

Como Che participou na luta de encontro 2 aquelas plantas?

- A dependência quase total nos ESTADOS UNIDOS. introduza no mercado e nossos laços econômicos de 50 anos positivos com o poder colonial anterior feito a situação de nossa economia aberta complicada ainda mais.

Era essencial encontrar outros mercados para a venda de nossos produtos, as well as para bens importados.

Em 1959 atrasado, uma exposição do soviete foi ajustada para ocorrer em México, e o delegation soviético era conduzido pelo então-Deputado ministro principal Anastas Mikoyan.

Naquele tempo, eu era um oficial no Ministry de casos extrangeiros, e era precisamente o comandante Guevara que me disse que eu devo ir a México convidar oficialmente Mikoyan para trazer a exposição soviética a Havana, e para ele pessoalmente à ligação, se possível, a missão soviética.

Como um anecdote pessoal, eu recordo como os jornais anunciaram a visita de Che; o dia eu cheguei em México, havia muitos repórteres e fotógrafos no aeroporto. O universal do EL do jornal relatou à notícia esse dia sob o headline: “Esperavam bearded, e liso-cheeked chegou.”

Depois que um número de setbacks se relacionaram a um congress eclesiástico que ocorresse em Cuba naquele tempo, a visita foi proposta, e aconteceu finalmente em fevereiro 1960.

O delegation Cuban conduzido pelo comandante Guevara e soviético prendeu um número de conversas sobre a necessidade colocar nossas vendas do açúcar na URSS [mercado], na cara da suspensão imminent das compras pelos Estados Unidos.

Um acordo de comércio e outro no crédito foram assinados finalmente fevereiro em 13, 1960 pelo comandante-chefe [Fidel Castro] e em Anastas Mikoyan.

Naquele tempo, a URSS prometeu comprar 5 milhão toneladas do açúcar unrefined Cuban sobre cinco anos, e concedeu-nos um crédito de $100 milhões, para ser reembolsada sobre 12 anos com interesse 2.5%.

Na conferência dos UN sobre o comércio e o desenvolvimento março em 25, 1964, falando no nome de nosso governo, comandante Guevara resumiu isso primeiro período como segue: “Subseqüentemente, este aggression foi caracterizado pelas medidas visadas paralizando a economia Cuban. A idéia era privar Cuba, em mid-1960, do combustível que necessitou para a operação de suas indústrias, do transporte e das plantas de poder elétrico. Sob a pressão do departamento do estado, ESTADOS UNIDOS independentes. as companhias de óleo recusaram vender o óleo a Cuba ou fazer seus navios do tanker disponíveis para seu transporte. Logo mais tarde, uma tentativa foi feita de privar o console da moeda corrente dura necessária para o comércio extrangeiro. Julho em 6, 1960, então-Presidente Eisenhower corte o quota do açúcar de Cuba aos Estados Unidos a 700.000 toneladas, eliminando totalmente esse quota março em 31, 1961, em alguns dias depois que o Alliance anunciado para o progresso e em dias antes da baía da invasão dos porcos. Havia uma tentativa de fechar abaixo a indústria de Cuba, privando a de materiais crus e das peças de reposição para suas máquinas e, a essa extremidade, outubro em 19, 1960, os ESTADOS UNIDOS. O departamento de comércio emitiu uma definição que proíbe o shipment de produtos numerosos a nosso console. Essa proibição no comércio com Cuba tornou-se mais grande, até fevereiro em 3, 1962, então-Presidente Kennedy declarou um embargo completo em ESTADOS UNIDOS. comércio com Cuba. “

Falhando em todo seu aggression, os Estados Unidos moveram-se para executar um blockade econômico de encontro a nosso país, visado impedir que outros países negocíem com nós. Primeiramente de tudo, janeiro em 24, 1962, os ESTADOS UNIDOS. O departamento do Tesouraria anunciou que proibia a entrada nos Estados Unidos de todo o produto feito, completamente ou na parte, com produtos Cuban, mesmo se fossem manufaturados em um outro país. Em uma outra etapa significando o estabelecimento de um blockade econômico virtual, fevereiro em 6, 1963, a casa branca emitiu uma liberação de imprensa anunciando que mercadoria comprada com ESTADOS UNIDOS. o dinheiro do governo não seria carregado sobre aos navios com as bandeiras extrangeiras que tinham acoplado no comércio com a Cuba após janeiro 1o desse ano. Isso era como a lista negra começou, que é aplicada agora a mais de 150 navios dos países que não se curvaram para baixo aos ESTADOS UNIDOS ilegais. blockade. E em uma outra etapa, para hinder o comércio com Cuba, julho em 8, 1963, os ESTADOS UNIDOS. O departamento do Tesouraria congelou todos os recursos Cuban em ESTADOS UNIDOS. território e proibido todas as transferências do dinheiro a e de Cuba, as well as alguma outra transação nos dólares através dos terceiros países.

Que eram os objetivos dessa excursão?

- A decisão para privar-nos do combustível, suspende compras do açúcar Cuban e o outro aggression econômico materialized já por outubro 1960, quando, como a secretária do deputado no Ministry de casos extrangeiros, eu recebi uma chamada de telefone dos Barrios de Jaime, que trabalharam com Che, informando me isso nos dias onde de vinda eu devo juntar um delegation que seja conduzido por Che e visite todos os países socialist. Naquele tempo, Che estava falando-nos já completamente muito sobre a necessidade construir relações com aqueles países.

Mais tarde, eu aprenderia mais detalhes sobre nossa missão; o objetivo preliminar de diversificar nosso comércio colocando a maioria de nossa produção de açúcar naqueles mercados e substituindo a maioria de nossas importações com os produtos daqueles lugares.

Uma vez na URSS, uma reunião da emergência ocorreu em Moscow que incluiu quase todos os ministros extrangeiros dos países socialist. Na reunião, o comandante Guevara explicou a situação séria que enfrenta a volta Cuban dada o aggression imperialist, e como o tema principal, a necessidade colocar quatro milhão toneladas do açúcar naqueles mercados, em um preço de quatro centavos por a libra. Este preço era mais elevado do que a taxa na troca conservada em estoque de New York naquele tempo.

Disse também que era necessário que Cuba compre seus produtos essenciais daqueles países.

Você deve recordar que naquele tempo, Cuba não teve ainda um Ministry do comércio extrangeiro, e nós tivemos a informação muito pequena, e a mesmo menos experiência, nessa área. Todos que nós tivemos eram argumentos políticos contínuos e uma letra assinada por nosso ministro principal, por comandante Fidel Castro, que tiveram o pedido acima mencionado, e por seu portador era comandante Guevara.

Que eram os acordos alcançados?

- Como um resultado daquelas negociações, a URSS prometida comprar 2.7 milhão toneladas do açúcar; China, um milhão toneladas; e os outros países socialist, 300.000 toneladas.

Além, Coreia, Vietnam e Mongolia compraram quantidades simbólicas como uma expressão da sustentação e do solidarity com os países socialist.

Em Moscow, um acordo multilateral em pagamentos foi assinado também.

Com o objetivo dos acordos de comércio alcançando a que as listas incluídas dos produtos a ser comprados e de acordos vendido, do pagamento e de acordos do crédito, o delegation conduziram por Che também visitou Checoslováquia, China, Coreia e a república de Germany federal.

Durante sua estada em China, e para conservar o tempo, Che decidiu-se que visitaria a república de Coreia democrática, e mandou-se me conduzir a um grupo pequeno a Vietnam e a Mongolia, os países com que nós estabelecemos também relações diplomatic naquele tempo.

No fim de sua estada em Berlim, Che teve que retornar a Cuba, informando nos que faria um batente curto em Budapest e que o delegation que eu conduzia de então sobre deve viajar a Poland, a Hungria, a Romania, a Bulgária e a Albânia.

Havia já conversa da necessidade mudar a estrutura de comércio de Cuba?

- Após chegar em Cuba, comandante Guevara pareceu na televisão janeiro em 6, 1961, relatar em assinar dos acordos com os países socialist:

“Era uma tarefa extremamente difícil, uma tarefa difícil, porque nós tivemos que mudar a estrutura de nosso comércio apenas em alguns meses. Do fim de 1959, exatamente um ano há, Cuba passou de ser um país com uma estrutura totalmente colonial, com os sistemas do comércio doméstico e extrangeiro dominados completamente pelas companhias de importação grandes dependentes do capital do monopólio, a ser - em 10 meses, até à data de outubro, quando o ciclo termina definitively - um país onde o estado prendesse um comércio extrangeiro do excesso completo do monopólio, e também uma parte grande do comércio do domestic. “

Consultou também às dificuldades adicionais que nós éramos enfrentar, dado isso naqueles países, o sistema métrico decimal foi usado, quando nós continuamos a usar a prática colonial de pesar nas libras e da medição nas jardas, com sistemas diferentes para a pressão de medição ou um encaixe de tubulação simples.

Equipamento elétrico em usos de Cuba 60 ciclos, quando nos países socialist, era 50 ciclos por o segundo.

No short, nós enfrentávamos todos os tipos de dificuldades, mas com a determinação para superar as e o triunfo sobre eles na cara do dilemma criado para nós pelo aggression imperialist.

Os anecdotes interessantes emergiram fora destas experiências iniciais.

Por exemplo, em China, ao avaliar a lista dos produtos a ser negociados, havia uma diferença de $3 milhões que favorecem o lado chinês.

Antes de assinar o protocolo final, o ministro principal chinês naquele tempo, En-lai de Chou, disse a Che que China não deve parecer receber mais nos produtos do que o que exportava para Cuba.

Assim decidiu-se ter uma linha de $3 milhões nas artes e as exportações dos ofícios, dadas isso naquele tempo, nós não poderíamos encontrar nenhuns outros produtos que se encontrassem com nossas necessidades.

Era fora desse contingente do protocolo das artes e dos ofícios chineses que os lotes das histórias circularam em Havana sobre o volume grande de varas chinesas e dos guarda-chuvas andando que estão sendo vendidos em nossas lojas.

Realmente, o chinês emitiu-nos o craftwork valioso que eu sou certo excedi o valor mencionado previamente.

Eu acreditei sempre que nem nem nós avaliamos realmente aquelas coisas maravilhosas.

Nos estrangeiros contrários, determinados que estavam vivendo em Cuba temporariamente faça exame da vantagem da situação, enriquecendo-se com a venda ilegal daqueles tesouros da arte.

Uma outra fonte dos anecdotes e dos gracejos era os removedores da neve. Eu penso de que estes tiveram realmente uma base na verdade, nas máquinas que eram as mesmas ou similar e fui comprado para ser tentado para fora em nossa indústria de mineração.

Eu nunca esquecer-me-ei do olhar da perplexidade na cara do tradutor soviético que, em ler a lista das coisas nós necessitou, não soube o que dizer quando um erro datilografando lhe conduziu ler a necessidade para milhares do “dos bordos macaco” (bembas de mono) em vez de “das bombas mão” (bombas de mano).

Nós gracejamos amongst nos sobre a decisão pelo comandante Guevara para comprar toda a carne que enlatada nós poderíamos, e também todas as ferramentas de máquina que nós poderíamos.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.

CHE I 1959
Automatically translated into Swedish thanks to WorldLingo
•, Från 1959 blev den heroiska gerillasoldaten en av centralledarna av revolutionären som var processaa som ett resultat av hans bevisade beslutsamhet, versatility och kapaciteter och på grund av det dynamiskt av de enorma händelserna resultera från agressionen mot Kuba •, Héctor Rodríguez Lompart återkallar Fidel Castro strategi för combating av blockaden som är nu mer än 45 gammala år, och rollen som lekas av Che, som skulle, har varit 80 gammala år på Juni 14

VID GABRIEL MOLINA:

•, Den kubanska rotationen har alltid tvingats för att försvara sig från hostiliteten av U.S.NA. regering, som långt baksida som dagarna av toppig bergskedja Maestra.

Som tidig sort som mars av' 59 rättvisa tre månader efter triumfen av den beväpnade ansträngningen, därefter-Last - presidenten Richard Nixon lämnade ett möte som han hade rymt med Fidel i Washington och den övertygade presidenten Eisenhower, som handlingen måste att tas för att omstörta honom.

Att samma år, Förenta staterna övertalade den brittiska regeringen för att avbryta en rea av jägarekämpen, hyvlar till Kuban. I åsikten av U.S.NA. myndigheter som är de skulle flygplan, har poserat ett problem för invasionen som det förberedde, och som bars ut i April 1961 i fjärden av Pigs. Med det samma målet var den franska shiplaen Coubre uppblåst i Februari 1960, som munitions var olastade på Havanas skeppsdockor. Dussintals kubaner och franska medborgare var den dödade terroristen agerar däri, tillskrivat i Kuba till CIAEN. Samtidigt förhindrade Washington en konsortium av västra - europén packar ihop från godkännande av ett lån till Kuban av $100 miljoner.

Ibland adopterade den revolutionära regeringen taktiken av att hämnas till ekonomiska slag. På Juni 6, när den standarda oljan, Texacoen och de kungliga holländska Shell oljebolagen som vägras, under U.S. regeringen beställer, för att raffinera olja, som Kuban hade köpt från den sovjetiska unionen, den kubanska regeringen tvekade inte att ta över raffinaderina mer mindre än en mer sistnämnd månad. Munhuggas fortsatte med bojkotten som den Eisenhower administrationen främjade bland olje- exportörer och sändningsföretag.

Kuban reagerade, genom att förstatliga dess raffinaderin på Augusti 6.

Che Guevara deltog sammanlagt av de händelser och de motsvarande besluten, inte precis som en kombattant och en politikar, men som en ekonom eller bättre said, en strateg av ekonomin samman med Fidel, en fungera för som honom inte är så välkänd.

Början med Ches första officiella civila ansvar som direktör av branscher för institutet av Agrarian reform och också som presidenten av National Bank som av November av' 60 och minister   av branscher som av 1962, var det hans arbetsuppgift att agera huvud i ekonomin, att genomföra fodra av differentiering som rotationen hade kartlagt båda i produktion och internationell handel. Ett ovanligt vittne till trajectoryen av kommendörkaptenen Guevara är tyranniserar Rodríguez Llompart, som mötte Che i den LaCabaña fästningen - var kommendörkaptenen Guevara var den militära chefen - i tidig sort 1959. Llompart var den kommunala commissioneren av Regla, och besökt honom samman med kaptenen Miguel Ängel Duque de Estrada, som var i laddningen av de revolutionära domstolarna. Är här några av hans värdesakminnen och bedömningar.

Hur minns du de första dagar av agressionen?

--Agressioner skrivar allra vid U.S.NA. regeringen mot Kuba började mycket tidig sort på.

Den beväpnade agressionen mot ö produktion centrerar, terroristen anfaller, och beväpnade hot svarades av rotationen av den förbättrade organisationen av dess militär- och säkerhetsapparaturar som får stridsmedel medlet och skapar de revolutionära milisarna för medborgare, kommittéer för försvar av rotationen, Etc.

Servicen och beslutsamheten av vårt folk som ska slåss för seger under slogan av `- hemland eller död', gjorde de politiska dikena ointagliga.

Planerar för ekonomisk agression var mer hemlig, men precis som farligt

Hur deltog Che i slagsmål mot de planerar?

- Det nästan sammanlagda beroendet på U.S.NA. marknadsföra och våra ekonomiska ties av 50 positiva år med den tidigare kolonialmakten som göras läget av vår mer försvårade öppna ekonomi även.

Det var nödvändigt att finna annat marknadsför för rean av våra produkter, as well as för importerade godor.

I sen 1959 var en sovjetutläggning fastställd att äga rum i Mexico, och den sovjetiska delegationen var ledde vid denErsättare premiärministern Anastas Mikoyan.

Då var jag en representant på Utrikesdepartementet, och det var exakt kommendörkaptenen Guevara som berättade mig, att jag bör gå till Mexico officiellt att invitera Mikoyan för att komma med den sovjetiska utläggningen till Havana, och för att honom ska leda personligen, om möjligheten, den sovjetiska beskickningen.

Som en personlig anekdot minns jag hur tidningarna meddelade Ches besök; dagen ankom jag i Mexico, fanns det många reporter och fotografer på flygplatsen. TidningsEl-universalen anmälde nyheterna den dag under rubriken: ”Förväntade de skäggig, och släta-varad fräck mot ankom.”,

Efter ett nummer av bakslag förband till en ecklesiastisk kongress som ägde rum i Kuba på tiden, var händde besök föreslaget och slutligen i Februari 1960.

Den kubanska delegationen ledde vid Kommendörkapten Guevara, och den sovjetiska rymde ett nummer av samtal om behovet att förlägga våra sockerreor i USSREN [marknadsföra], i vända mot av den förestående upphängningen av köp av Förenta staterna.

En handelöverenskommelse och another krediterar på undertecknades slutligen på Februari 13, 1960 av överbefälhavaren [Fidel Castro] och Anastas Mikoyan.

Då lovade USSREN till köp 5 miljon tons av kubanskt unrefined socker över fem år, och beviljat oss en kreditera av $100 miljoner, för att återbetalas över 12 år med 2.5% intressera.

På UN-konferensen på handel och utveckling på mars 25, 1964, summed att tala i det känt av vår regering, kommendörkaptenen Guevara upp den första period som följer: ”Därpå, karakteriserades denna agression by mäter siktat på att paralysera den kubanska ekonomin. Idén var att beröva Kuba, i mid-1960, av tanka som den behövde för funktionen av dess branscher, trans. och elkraftkraftverk. Under pressa från utrikesdepartementet, oberoende U.S. oljebolag vägrade till sellolja till Kuban eller att göra deras tankfartygships tillgängliga för dess transport. Kort därefter, gjordes ett försök att beröva ön av den nödvändiga hårdvalutan för utrikeshandel. På Juli 6, 1960, Kuba för därefter-President Eisenhower snitt kvot för socker till Förenta staterna till 700.000 tons som avlägsnar totalt den kvot på marsch 31, 1961, några dagar efter den meddelade alliansen för framsteg och dagar för fjärden av Pigsinvasion. Det fanns ett försök att stänga av Kuba bransch, genom att beröva det av rå material, och reservdelar för dess bearbetar med maskin, och, till det avsluta, på Oktober 19, 1960, U.S.EN. Avdelningen av kommers utfärdade en upplösning som förbjuder sändningen av talrika produkter till vår ö. Det förbud på handel med Kuba blev mer större, till på Februari 3, 1962, därefter-Presidenten Kennedy förklarade en färdig handelsförbud på U.S. handel med Kuba. ”,

Efter att ha missat sammanlagt av dess agression, rörda Förenta staterna för att genomföra en ekonomisk blockad mot vårt land som siktas på att förhindra andra länder från att handla med oss. Först allra, på Januari 24, 1962, U.S.EN. Finansdepartementet meddelade, att det förböd tillträdeet in i Förenta staterna av någon gjord produkt, helt eller i del, med kubanska produkter, om även de tillverkades i ett annat land. I another kliva att betyda etableringen av en faktisk ekonomisk blockad, på Februari 6, 1963, Vita huset utfärdade en pressrelease som meddelar att merchandise som köps med U.S. regerings- pengar som skulle för att inte laddas på till ships med utländskt, sjunker det hade förlovat i handel med Kuba efter Januari 1st av det år. Det var hur svartlista började, som appliceras nu till mer, än 150 ships från länder, som inte bugade, besegrar till de olagliga U.S.NA. blockad. Och i another kliva, för att hinder handel med Kuba, på Juli 8, 1963, U.S.EN. Finansdepartementet fryste alla kubanska tillgångar i U.S. territorium och förbjudit alla överföringar av pengar till och från Kuban, as well as någon annan transaktion i dollar via tredje länder.

Var vad målen av det turnerar?

- Beslutet som berövar oss av, tankar, inställer köp av kubanskt socker, och annan ekonomisk agression hade redan förverkligat av Oktober 1960, då, som ställföreträdande sekreterare på Utrikesdepartementet, jag mottog ett telefonsamtal från Jaime Barrios, som fungerade med Che som informerar mig att det i de kommande dagarna jag bör sammanfoga en delegation som skulle är ledde vid Che och skulle besök alla av socialistiska länder. Då talade Che redan till oss ganska ett lott om behovet att bygga förbindelse med de länder.

Mer sistnämnd skulle jag lärer att mer specificerar om vår beskickning; det primära mål av att diversifiera vår handel, genom att förlägga mest av vår sockerproduktion i de, marknadsför, och byta ut majoriteten av våra importer med produkter från de förlägger.

En gång i USSREN, ägde rum ett nöd- möte i Moscow det inklusive nästan alla av utrikesministerar av de socialistiska länderna. I mötet förklarade kommendörkaptenen Guevara det allvarliga läget som vänder mot den kubanska rotationen som gavs den imperialist agressionen, och som det huvudsakliga temat, marknadsför behovet att förlägga fyra miljon tons av socker i de, på en prissätta av fyra cents per dunkar. Detta prissätter var högre, än klassa på New York lagerför utbyte på tiden.

Han sade också att det var nödvändigt för Kuba till köp dess nödvändiga produkter från de länder.

Du bör minnas det på tiden, hade Kuban inte ännu ett departement av utrikeshandel, och vi hade mycket lite information, och även mindre erfar, däri område. Alla som vi hade, var fasta politiska argument, och en märka som undertecknades av vår premiärminister, kommendörkaptenen Fidel Castro, som hade den abovementioned förfråganen, och dess bärare var kommendörkaptenen Guevara.

Var vad de nådda överenskommelserna?

- Som ett resultat av de förhandlingar, USSREN som lovas till köp 2.7 miljon tons av socker; Kina en miljon tons; och de andra socialistiska länderna, 300.000 tons.

I tillägg köpte Korea, Vietnam och Mongoliet symboliskt antal som ett uttryck av service och solidaritet med de socialistiska länderna.

I Moscow undertecknades en flersidig överenskommelse på betalningar också.

Med målet av nående handelöverenskommelser, som inklusive listar av produkterna som ska köps och de säljs, krediterar betalningöverenskommelser och överenskommelser, delegationen ledde vid Che också besökte Czechoslovakia, Kina, Korea och Förbundsrepubliken Tyskland.

Under hans stag i Kina och till räddningtid avgjorde hade Che, att han skulle besök den demokratiska republiken av Korea, och mig att leda en liten grupp till Vietnam och Mongoliet, länder med som oss också etablerad diplomatisk förbindelse på tiden.

På avsluta av hans stag i Berlin måste Che att gå tillbaka till Kuban som informerar oss att att han skulle, gör ett kort stopp i Budapest och att delegationen som jag ledde från därefter på, bör resa till Polen, Ungern, Rumänien, Bulgarien och Albanien.

Fanns det redan samtalet av behovet att ändra Kuba handel strukturerar?

- Når att ha ankommit i Kuban, kommendörkaptenen Guevara, verkade på televisionen på Januari 6, 1961, att anmäla på underteckna av överenskommelserna med de socialistiska länderna:

”Var det en extremt svår uppgift, en svår uppgift, därför att vi har måste att ändra strukturera av vår handel in precis några månader. Från avsluta av 1959 exakt ett år sedan, har Kuban passerat från att vara ett land med ett totalt kolonialt strukturerar, med hemhjälp- och utrikeshandelsystem som domineras fullständigt av den stora importföretagsanhörigen på monopolhuvudstad, till att vara - i 10 månader, som av Oktober, när cykla avslutar definitively - ett land var de statliga hållna ett färdigt monopol över utrikeshandel och också en stor del av inhemsk handel. ”,

Han såg också till extra svårigheter, att vi var att vända mot som gavs det i de länder, det decimal- metersystemet användes, övar stunder som vi fortsatte för att använda koloniinvånaren, av vägning in dunkar och att mäta i gårdar, med olika system för att mäta pressa, eller ett enkelt leda i rör passande.

Elektrisk utrustning i Kubabruk 60 cyklar, fördriver i de socialistiska länderna, det var 50 cyklar per understöder.

I kort stavelse vände mot vi alla typer av svårigheter, men med beslutsamheten till betaget vänder mot de och triumfen över dem in av dilemmat som skapas för oss av den imperialist agressionen.

Intressant anekdoter som dykas upp ut ur dessa initialt, erfar.

Till exempel i Kina, när utvärdera lista av produkter som ska handlas, fanns det en skillnad av $3 miljoner som favoriserar den kinesiska sidan.

Innan han undertecknade finalprotokollet, berättade den kinesiska premiärministern på tiden, Chou En-lai, Che att Kina inte bör verka att vara hälerit mer i produkter än vad den exporterade till Kuban.

Så avgjordes det för att ha en fodra av $3 miljoner i konsthantverkexporter som gavs det på tiden, oss kunde inte finna några andra produkter som mötte våra behov.

Det var ut ur den protokollkontingent av kinesiska konsthantverk som raddaberättelser cirkulerade i Havana om den stora volymen av kines som går pinnar och paraplyer som såldes i vår diversehandel.

Faktiskt överförde kinesen oss värdesakcraftwork som den säkra I-förmiddagen överskred värdera som nämndes föregående.

Jag trodde alltid att neither de nor vi värderade egentligen den underbara saker.

Tvärtom tog bestämda utlänningar, som bodde i Kuba tillfälligt, fördel av läget som berikar sig till och med den olagliga rean av de konstskatter.

En annan källa av anekdoter och skämt var snowborttagningsmedlen. Funderare I, som dessa hade faktiskt en bas i sanning, bearbetar med maskin, som var samma, eller liknande och inhandlades in för att försökas ut i vår bryta bransch.

Jag ska glömmer aldrig looken av häpnad på vända mot av den sovjetiska översättaren som, i läsning lista av saker oss behövde, inte visste att vad till något att säga, då ett maskinskrivningfel ledde honom för att läsa behovet för tusentals ”apakanter” (mono bembas de) i stället för ”, räcka pumpar” (bombas de mano).

Vi skojade amongst oss själva om beslutet av Kommendörkapten Guevara till köp alla på burk meat som vi kunde, och också alla bearbeta med maskin bearbetar att vi kunde.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.

CHE В 1959
Automatically translated into Russian thanks to WorldLingo
• От 1959, героикоромантический guerrilla стал одним из центральных руководителей революционного процесса в результате его доказанных определения, многосторонности и способностей и из-за динамического большущих случаев приводящ к от агрессии против Кубы • Héctor Rodríguez Lompart вспоминает стратегию Fidel Castro для сражать блокаду теперь больше чем 45 лет старых, и роль сыгранную Che, которое было бы 80 лет старых 14-ого июня

ГАБРИЭЛЬ MOLINA:

• Кубинский виток всегда принуждался для того чтобы защитить от враждебности США. правительство, еще в днях Sierra Maestra.

Начиная с марта' 59, как раз через 3 месяца после триумфа вооруженной борьбы, после этого-Вице - президент Ричард Nixon оставил собрание, котор он созвал с Fidel в вашингтоне и убеженном президенте Eisenhower что действие должно быть принято для того чтобы overthrow он.

Что такой же год, Соединенные Штаты уговорили британское правительство отменить сбывание плоскостей самолет-истребителя охотника к Кубе. In the opinion of США. авторитеты, те самолет представили бы проблему для нашествия, котор оно подготовляло, и который было унесено в апреле 1961 в заливе свиней. С такой же целью, был дунут французский La Coubre корабля - вверх в феврале 1960 по мере того как munitions разгржались на стыковки Havana. Дюжины граждан кубинцев и франчуза были убиты в что поступок террориста, приписанный в Кубе к C I A. Одновременно, вашингтон предотвратило консорциум западного - европейские крены от одобрять ем к Кубе $100 миллионов.

Иногда революционное правительство принимало тактику retaliating к хозяйственным дуновениям. 6-ого июня, когда стандартное масло, Texaco и королевские голландские нефтяные компании раковины отказанные, под США. заказы правительства, к очищенная нефть который Куба купила от советского союза, кубинское правительство не смутились take over рафинадные заводы более менее чем один месяц более поздно. Sparring продолжался с бойкотом администрация Eisenhower повысила среди консигнантов масла и компаний по транспортировке грузов.

Куба ответила путем национализировать свои рафинадные заводы 6-ого августа.

Че Гевара участвовало в всем из тех случаев и соответствуя решений, как раз как комбатант и политикан, но как економист, или более лучшее сказанное, стратег экономии совместно с Fidel, функция для которого он не настолько хороша - известно.

Начинающ с ответственностью Che первой официальной вольнонаемной как директор индустрий для института земельной реформа, и также как президент национального банка от ноября' 60, и министра индустрий от 1962, было его обязанностью, котор нужно подействовать главным образом в экономии, снабдить линию диверсификации которой виток составил схему обоим в продукции и международной торговле. Исключительнейшим заверителем к траектории командира Guevara будет Гектор Rodríguez Llompart, которое встретило Che в крепости Cabaña La - где командир Guevara был воинским вождем - в начале 1959. Llompart было муниципальным комиссаром Regla, и после того как оно посещено ему совместно с капитаном Мигель Ангелом Duque de Estrada, который был in charge of революционные суды. Здесь некоторые из его ценных памятей и оценок.

Как вы вспоминаете те первые дни агрессии?

--Агрессии всех типов США. правительство против Кубы начало очень early on.

Вооруженная агрессия против центров продукции острова, нападения террориста и вооруженные угрозы были отвечены витком улучшенной организацией своих воиска и приборов обеспеченностью, приобретая оружия, и создавая национальные революционные ополчения, комитеты для обороны витка, cEtc.

Поддержка и определение наших людей, котор нужно воевать для победы под лозунгом Homeland или смерти `' сделали политические шанцы impregnable.

Планы для экономическая агрессия были surreptitiousее, но как раз как опасно

Как Che участвовало в драке против тех планов?

- Почти полная зависимость на США. выйдите на рынок и наши хозяйственные связи 50 добавочных лет при бывшее сделанное колониальная держава ситуацией нашей открытой even more осложненной экономии.

Было необходимо найти другие рынки для сбывания наших продуктов, также, как для импортированные товары.

В конце 1959, exposition Совета был установлен для того чтобы осуществить в Мексике, и советская делегация водилась после этого-Депутатом премьер-министром Anastas Mikoyan.

На том времени, я был должностным лицом на министерстве международных дел, и это было точно командиром Guevara который сказал мне что я должен пойти к Мексике официально пригласить Mikoyan для того чтобы принести советский exposition к Havana, и для его к лично руководству, если по возможности, советский полет.

Как один личный анекдот, я вспоминаю как газеты объявили посещение Che; день я приехал в Мексику, были много репортеры и photographers на авиапорте. Универсалия El газеты сообщила новостям тот день под headline: «Они надеялись бородатое одно, и ровное-cheeked одно приехало.»

После того как несколько задержкы отнесли к экклезиастическому съезду осуществлял в Кубе вовремя, посещение было предложено, и окончательно случилось в феврале 1960.

Кубинская делегация вела командиром Guevara и советское одно держало нескольк talk about потребность установить наши сбывания сахара в СССР [рынке], in the face of неизбежный подвес покупк Соединенными Штатами.

И другие торгового соглашение на кредите окончательно были подписаны 13-ого февраля 1960 Commander-in-Chief [Fidel Castro] и Anastas Mikoyan.

На том времени, СССР пообещало купить 5 миллионов тонны кубинского unrefined сахара над 5 летами, и дарило нам кредит $100 миллионов, быть отплащенным над 12 летами с интересом 2.5%.

На конференции ООН на торговле и развитии 25-ого марта 1964, говорящ in the name of наше правительство, командир Guevara суммировал то первый период следующим образом: «Затем, это агрессия было охарактеризовано aim at измерениями парализовывающ кубинскую экономию. Идеей была лишить Кубы, в mid-1960, топлива, котор для этого для деятельности своих индустрий, перевозки и электрических электрических станций. Под давлением от Государственного департамента, независимо США. нефтяные компании отказали продать масло к Кубе или сделать их корабли топливозаправщика имеющеся для своего перехода. Скоро потом, была сделана попытка лишить острова обязательно твердой валюты для внешней торговли. 6-ого июля 1960, после этого-Президент Eisenhower отрезал квоту сахара Кубы к Соединенным Штатам до 700.000 тонн, полно исключая ту квоту 31-ого марта 1961, немного дней после объявленного союза ради прогресса и дни перед заливом нашествия свиней. Была попытка выключить индустрию Кубы, путем лишать ее сырых материалов и запасных частей для своих машин и, to that end, 19-ого октября 1960, США. Министерство торговли выдало разрешение запрещая пересылку многочисленнGp продуктов к нашему острову. Тот запрет на торговле с Кубой стал большле, до 3-его февраля 1962, после этого-Президент Kennedy не объявить вполне эмбарго на США. торговля с Кубой. «

Терпящ неудачу в всем из своего агрессии, Соединенные Штаты двинули для того чтобы снабдить экономическую блокаду против нашей страны, aim at предотвратить другие страны от торговать с нами. Первым делом из, 24-ого января 1962, США. Отдел казначейства объявил что он запрещал вход в Соединенные Штаты любого сделанного продукта, вс или в части, с кубинскими продуктами, even if они были изготовлены в другой стране. В другом шаге знаменующ установку фактически экономической блокады, 6-ого февраля 1963, Белый дом выдал официальное сообщение для печати объявляя что товар купленный с США. деньг правительства не была бы нагружена дальше к кораблям с чужими флагами включили в торговле с Кубой после 1-ого января того года. То было как blacklist начал, который теперь приложен до больше чем 150 кораблей от стран которые не обхватывали вплоть до противозаконные США. блокада. И в другом шаге, помешать торговлю с Кубой, 8-ого июля 1963, США. Отдел казначейства замер все кубинские имущества в США. территория и запрещено всем переходам деньг to and from Куба, также, как любые другие трудыы в долларах через третьи страны.

Были задачами того путешествия?

- Решение, котор нужно лишить нас топлива, suspend покупкы кубинского сахара и другое экономическая агрессия уже материализовало к октябрю 1960, когда, как секретарша депутата на министерстве международных дел, я получил телефонный вызов от районов Jaime, которые работали с Che, сообщающ я то в наступающих днях, котор я должен соединить делегацию которая была бы водить Che и посетила бы все социалистические страны. На том времени, Che уже говорило к нам quite a lot о потребности построить отношения с теми странами.

Более поздно, я выучил бы больше деталей о нашем полете; главным образом задача разнообразить нашу торговлю путем устанавливать большую часть из нашей продукции сахара в тех рынках и заменять ть большинство наших ввозов с продуктами от тех мест.

Раз в СССР, чрезвычайное заседание осуществило в Moscow который включил почти все министра иностранных дел социалистических стран. В встрече, командир Guevara объяснил серьезную ситуацию смотря на кубинский виток, котор дали империалистическую агрессию, и как главным образом тема, потребность установить 4 миллиона тонны сахара в тех рынках, на цене 4 центов в фунт. Это цена было более высоко чем тариф на Лондонской фондовой бирже нью-йорка вовремя.

Он также сказал было обязательно для Кубы купить свои необходимые продукты от тех стран.

Вы должны вспомнить что вовремя, Куба пока не имела министерство внешней торговли, и мы имели очень маленькую информацию, и даже меньше опыт, в той OBLASTи. Все, котор мы имели были твердые политические аргументы и письмом подписанным нашим премьер-министром, командиром Fidel Castro, который имели abovementioned запрос, и своим подателем был командир Guevara.

Были достигли согласованиями, котор?

- В результат тех переговоров, СССР пообещанное, что купить 2.7 миллиона тонны сахара; Китай, миллионо тонн; и другие социалистические страны, 300.000 тонн.

In addition, Корея, Вьетнам и Монголия купили символические количества как выражение поддержки и сплоченности с социалистическими странами.

В Moscow, многосторонняя договоренность на компенсациях также было подписано.

С целью достигая торгового соглашение включенные перечни продукты, котор нужно купить и соглашения о платежах проданные, и соглашения о кредите, делегация водить Che также посетили Чехословакию, Китай, Корею и Федеративную республику Германии.

Во время его пребывания в Китае, и сохранить время, Che решило что он навестинет демократическая республика Кореи, и имело меня вести малую группу к Вьетнаму и Монголии, странам с которыми мы также установили дипломатическия отношения вовремя.

На конце его пребывания в Berlin, Che должно возвратить к Кубе, сообщая мы что он сделает скоро стоп в Budapest и что делегация, котор я водил от после этого дальше переместить к Польше, Венгрии, Румынии, Болгарии и Албании.

Было уже беседа потребности изменить структуру Кубы trade?

- После приезжать в Кубу, командира Guevara появился на телевидение 6-ого января 1961, к отчет о подписание согласований с социалистическими странами:

«Было весьма трудной задачей, трудной задачей, потому что мы изменить структуру нашей торговли в как раз немного месяцев. От конца 1959, точно один год тому назад, Куба проходила от быть страной с полно колониальной структурой, при вполне преобладанные системы отечественных и внешней торговли большими компаниями ввоза зависимыми на столице монополии, к быть - в 10 месяцах, от октября, когда цикл окончательно закончится - страной где положение держит вполне монополию над внешней торговлей, и также большой частью отечественной торговли. «

He also referred to additional difficulties that we were facing, given that in those countries, the decimal metric system was used, while we continued to use the colonial practice of weighing in pounds and measuring in yards, with different systems for measuring pressure or a simple pipe fitting.

Электрическое оборудование в пользах Кубы 60 циклов, пока в социалистических странах, было 50 циклов в секунду.

Вкратце, мы смотрели на все типы затруднений, но с определением отжать их и триумф над ими в стороне дилеммы создался для нас империалистической агрессией.

Интересные анекдоты вытекли из этих первоначально опытов.

Например, в Китае, оценивая перечень продукты, котор нужно торговать, была разница $3 миллиона благоволя к китайской стороне.

Перед подписывать заключительный протокол, китайский премьер-министр вовремя, en-lai Chou, сказал Che что Китай не должен показаться, что получил больше в продуктах чем он ехпортировал к Кубе.

Так было решены, что имело линию $3 миллиона в искусствоах и экспорты кораблей, котор дали то вовремя, мы не смогли найти VSе другие продукты которые отвечали наши потребностямы.

Оно было из того контингента протокола китайских искусство и кораблей серии рассказов обеспечили циркуляцию в Havana о большом томе китайских гуляя ручек и зонтиков будучи проданными в наших магазинах.

Фактическ, киец послал нами ценное craftwork что я уверен превысил ранее упомянутое значение.

Я всегда верил что ни они ни мы реально оценили те чудесные вещи.

На противоположных, одних иноплеменниках которые жили в Кубе временно take advantage of ситуация, обогащая через противозаконное сбывание тех сокровищ искусствоа.

Другим источником анекдотов и шуток были перевозчики снежка. Я думаю что эти фактическ имели основу в правде, в машинах которые были этими же или подобно и был закуплен быть try out в нашем горнодобывающей промышленности.

Я никогда не буду забывать взгляд amazement на стороне советского переводчика, в читать перечень вещи мы было нужно, не знал сказать когда печатая на машинке ошибка вела его прочитать потребность для тысяч «губ обезьяны» (bembas de mono) вместо «ручных наносов» (bombas de mano).

Мы пошутили amongst о решении командиром Guevara для того чтобы купить полностью законсервированное мясо, котор мы смогли, и также все механические инструменты которые мы смогли.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.

CHE IN 1959
Automatically translated into Dutch thanks to WorldLingo
• Vanaf 1959, werd de heldhaftige guerilla één van de centrale leiders van het revolutionaire proces als resultaat van zijn bewezen bepaling, veelzijdigheid en capaciteiten en wegens dynamisch van de enorme gebeurtenissen als gevolg van de agressie tegen Cuba • Héctor Rodriguez Lompart herinnert aan de strategie van Fidel Castro om de blokkade die nu meer dan 45 jaar oud zijn, en de rol te bestrijden die door Che wordt gespeeld, die 80 jaar oud op 14 Juni zou geweest zijn

DOOR GABRIEL MOLINA:

• De Cubaanse Revolutie is altijd gedwongen om van de vijandigheid van de V.S. te verdedigen. overheid, zover terug als de dagen van Sierra Maestra.

Zodra Maart van' 59, enkel drie maanden na de triomf van de bewapende strijd, toen-ondeugd - President Richard Nixon verliet een vergadering die hij met Fidel in Washington had gehouden en President Eisenhower overtuigd dat de actie moest worden gevoerd om hem omver te werpen.

Dat zelfde jaar, overreedden de Verenigde Staten de Britse overheid om een verkoop van de vechtersvliegtuigen van de Jager aan Cuba te annuleren. Naar de mening van de V.S. de autoriteiten, zouden die vliegtuigen een probleem voor de invasie gegeven hebben het voorbereidde, en wat in April 1961 in de Baai van Varkens werd uitgevoerd. Met het zelfde doel, werd Frans schipLa Coubre geblazen - omhoog in Februari 1960 aangezien de munities op de dokken van Havana werden leeggemaakt. Dozens Cubanen en Franse burgers werden gedood in die terroristenhandeling, die in Cuba aan de CIA wordt toegeschreven. Gelijktijdig, Washington een consortium van Westeuropese banken verhinderde een lening aan Cuba van $100 miljoen goed te keuren.

Soms keurde de revolutionaire overheid de tactiek van het wraak nemen aan economische slagen goed. Op 6 Juni, toen de StandaardOlie, Texaco en de Koninklijke Nederlandse oliemaatschappijen van Shell, onder de V.S. weigerden. de overheids orden, om olie te raffineren die Cuba van de Sowjetunie had gekocht, de Cubaanse overheid aarzelden niet om de raffinaderijen over te nemen minder dan één later maand. Het sparring ging met de boycot verder die het Eisenhower beleid onder olieexporteurs en scheepvaartmaatschappijen bevorderde.

Cuba antwoordde door zijn raffinaderijen op 6 te nationaliseren Augustus.

Che Guevara nam aan elk van die gebeurtenissen en overeenkomstige besluiten, niet alleen als een strijder en een politicus, maar deel als econoom, of beter gezegd, een strateeg van de economie samen met Fidel, een functie waarvoor hij niet zo goed - het geweten is.

Beginnend met de eerste officiële burgerlijke verantwoordelijkheid van Che als directeur van de industrieën voor het Instituut van Agrarische Hervorming, en ook als voorzitter van National Bank vanaf November van' 60, en minister van de industrieën vanaf 1962, was het zijn plicht om hoofdzakelijk in de economie te handelen, om de lijn van diversificatie uit te voeren die de Revolutie zowel in productie als internationale handel in kaart had gebracht. Een uitzonderlijke getuige van de baan van Bevelhebber Guevara is Hector Rodríguez Llompart, die Che in de vesting van La Cabaña - waar de Bevelhebber Guevara de militaire leider was - begin 1959 ontmoette. Llompart was de gemeentelijke commissaris van Regla, en bezocht hem samen met de Engel Duque DE Estrada van Kapitein Miguel, die verantwoordelijk voor de Revolutionaire Hof was. Hier zijn sommige van zijn waardevolle geheugen en beoordelingen.

Hoe herinnert u die eerste dagen van de agressie?

--Aggressions allerhande door de V.S. de overheid tegen Cuba begon zeer vroeg.

De bewapende agressie tegen de de productiecentra van het eiland, de terroristenaanvallen en de bewapende bedreigingen werden beantwoord door de Revolutie door de betere organisatie die van zijn militaire en veiligheidsapparaten, wapens verwerft, en de Nationale Revolutionaire Milities, Commissies voor Defensie van de Revolutie, enz. cre�ërt.

De steun en de bepaling van onze mensen om voor overwinning onder de slogan van Geboorteland `of Dood' te vechten maakten de politieke geulen impregnable.

De plannen voor economische agressie waren surreptitious, maar enkel gevaarlijk

Hoe nam Che deel aan de bestrijding van die plannen?

- De bijna totale afhankelijkheid van de V.S. de markt en onze economische banden van 50 plus jaren met de vroegere koloniale macht maakten de situatie van onze open ingewikkeldere economie.

Het was essentieel om andere markten voor de verkoop van onze producten, evenals voor ingevoerde goederen te vinden.

In eind 1959, werd een Sovjetexpositie geplaatst om in Mexico plaats te vinden, en de Sovjetdelegatie werd geleid door toen-afgevaardigde Eerste Minister Anastas Mikoyan.

Op dat ogenblik, was ik een ambtenaar bij het Ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken, en het was precies Bevelhebber Guevara die me dat ik naar Mexico zou moeten gaan Mikoyan officieel uitnodigen om de Sovjetexpositie aan Havana te brengen, en voor hem om vertelde, indien mogelijk, de Sovjetopdracht persoonlijk te leiden.

Als één persoonlijke anecdote, herinner ik hoe de kranten het bezoek van Che aankondigden; de dag ik in Mexico aankwam, waren er vele verslaggevers en fotografen bij de luchthaven. Het algemene begrip van krantenGr meldde het nieuws die dag onder de krantekop: „Zij verwachtten gebaarde, en a vlot-cheeked één aankwam.“

Nadat een aantal tegenslagen op een geestelijk congres betrekking hadden dat in Cuba tegelijkertijd plaatsvond, werd het bezoek voorgesteld, en gebeurde definitief in Februari 1960.

De Cubaanse delegatie die door Bevelhebber Guevara en Sovjet wordt geleid hield een aantal besprekingen over de behoefte om onze suikerverkoop in de USSR [markt], in aanwezigheid van de dreigende opschorting van aankopen door de Verenigde Staten te plaatsen.

Een handelsakkoord en een andere op krediet werden definitief ondertekend op Februari 13, 1960 door de bevelhebber-in-Leider [Fidel Castro] en Anastas Mikoyan.

Op dat ogenblik, beloofde de USSR om 5 miljoen ton Cubaanse ongeraffineerde suiker te kopen meer dan vijf jaar, en verleende ons een krediet van $100 miljoen, om meer dan 12 jaar met 2.5% rente worden terugbetaald.

Bij de Conferentie van de V.N. over Handel en Ontwikkeling die op 25 Maart, 1964, in naam van onze overheid spreekt, vatte de Bevelhebber Guevara dat eerste periode als volgt samen: „Later, werd deze agressie door maatregelen gekenmerkt die op het verlammen van de Cubaanse economie worden gericht. Het idee was Cuba, in medio-1960, van de brandstof te beroven het voor de verrichting van zijn industrieën, vervoer en stroominstallaties vereiste. Onder druk van de Afdeling van de Staat, de onafhankelijke V.S. de oliemaatschappijen weigerden om olie te verkopen aan Cuba of hun tankerschepen voor zijn vervoer ter beschikking te stellen. Binnenkort daarna, werd een poging gemaakt om het eiland van de noodzakelijke harde munt voor buitenlandse handel te beroven. Op 6 Juli, 1960, sneed toen-voorzitter Eisenhower de suikerquota van Cuba aan de Verenigde Staten aan 700.000 ton, totaal eliminerend die quota op Maart 31, 1961, een paar dagen na de aangekondigde Alliantie voor Vooruitgang en dagen vóór de Baai van de invasie van Varkens. Er was een poging om de industrie van Cuba, door het van grondstoffen en extra delen voor zijn machines te beroven en, daarvoor, op 19 Oktober, 1960, de V.S. te sluiten. Het Ministerie van Handel gaf een resolutie die de verzending van talrijke producten belemmert aan ons eiland uit. Dat verbod op handel met Cuba werd groter, tot op 3 Februari, 1962, verklaarde toen-voorzitter Kennedy een volledig embargo op de V.S. handel met Cuba. „

Hebben ontbrokend in elk van zijn agressie, bewogen de Verenigde Staten zich om een economische blokkade tegen ons land uit te voeren, die op het verhinderen van andere landen met ons wordt gericht handel te drijven. Eerst en vooral, op 24 Januari, 1962, de V.S. Afdeling van de schatkist kondigde geheel dat het ingang in de Verenigde Staten van om het even welk gemaakt product belemmerde, of voor een deel, met Cubaanse producten aan, zelfs als zij in een ander land werden vervaardigd. In een andere stap die de totstandbrenging van een virtuele economische blokkade, op 6 Februari, 1963 betekent, gaf het Witte Huis een persmededeling uit aankondigend dat koopwaar die met de V.S. wordt gekocht. het overheids geld zou niet geladen worden op schepen met buitenlandse vlaggen die in handel met Cuba na 1 Januari van dat jaar in dienst hadden genomen. Dat was hoe blacklist begon, wat nu wordt toegepast op meer dan 150 schepen van landen die niet neer aan de onwettige V.S. bogen. blokkade. En in een andere stap, om handel met Cuba, op 8 Juli, 1963, de V.S. te belemmeren. Afdeling van de schatkist bevroor alle Cubaanse activa in de V.S. grondgebied en belemmerd alle overdrachten van geld aan en van Cuba, evenals een andere transactie in dollars via derde landen.

Wat waren de doelstellingen van die reis?

- Het besluit om ons van brandstof te beroven, had aankopen van Cubaanse suiker en andere economische agressie opschorten reeds tegen Oktober 1960 gematerialiseerd, toen, als afgevaardigdesecretaresse bij het Ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken, ik een telefoongesprek van Jaime Barrios ontving, die met Che werkte, meedelend me dat in de komende dagen ik van een delegatie zou moeten lid worden die door Che worden geleid en zou bezoeken alle socialistische landen. Op dat ogenblik, Che reeds aan ons heel wat over de behoefte sprak om relaties met die landen te bouwen.

Later, zou ik meer details over onze opdracht leren; de primaire doelstelling om onze handel te diversifiëren door het grootste deel van onze suikerproductie te plaatsen in die markten en de meerderheid van onze invoer te vervangen met producten van die plaatsen.

Eens in de USSR, vond een noodsituatievergadering in Moskou plaats dat bijna alle ministers van Buitenlandse Zaken van de socialistische landen omvatte. In de vergadering, verklaarde de Bevelhebber Guevara de ernstige situatie die de Cubaanse Revolutie onder ogen ziet die imperialistische agressie wordt gegeven, en als belangrijkst thema, de behoefte om vier miljoen ton suiker in die markten, aan een prijs van vier centen per pond te plaatsen. Deze prijs was hoger dan het tarief tegelijkertijd op de Beurs van New York.

Hij zei ook het voor Cuba noodzakelijk was om zijn essentiële producten van die landen te kopen.

U zou moeten herinneren dat tegelijkertijd, Cuba nog niet een Ministerie van Buitenlandse Handel had, en wij hadden zeer weinig informatie, en zelfs minder ervaring, op dat gebied. Allen wij hadden waren stevige politieke argumenten en een brief die door onze eerste minister, Bevelhebber Fidel Castro wordt ondertekend, die het bovengenoemde verzoek hadden, en zijn drager was Bevelhebber Guevara.

Wat waren bereikte akkoord?

- Als resultaat van die onderhandelingen, beloofde de USSR om 2.7 miljoen ton suiker te kopen; China, één miljoen ton; en de andere socialistische landen, 300.000 ton.

Bovendien kochten Korea, Vietnam en Mongolië symbolische hoeveelheden als uitdrukking van steun en solidariteit met de socialistische landen.

In Moskou, werd een multilaterale overeenkomst over betalingen ook ondertekend.

Met het doel om handelsakkoorden die lijsten van de te kopen en omvatten te verkopen producten, betalingsovereenkomsten en kredietakkoord te bereiken, bezocht de delegatie die door Che wordt geleid Tsjecho-Slowakije, China, ook Korea en de Bondsrepubliek Duitsland.

Tijdens zijn verblijf in China, en om tijd te besparen, besloot Che dat hij de Democratische Republiek Korea zou bezoeken, en had me een kleine groep tot Vietnam en Mongolië, landen leiden met wie wij tegelijkertijd diplomatieke relaties ook vestigden.

Aan het eind van zijn verblijf in Berlijn, moest Che aan Cuba terugkeren, dat ons meedeelt dat hij een kort einde in Boedapest zou maken en dat de delegatie ik leidde van toen naar Polen, Hongarije, Roemenië, Bulgarije en Albanië zou moeten reizen.

Was er reeds bespreking van de behoefte om de handelsstructuur van Cuba te veranderen?

- Na het aankomen in Cuba, scheen de Bevelhebber Guevara op televisie op 6 Januari, 1961, om over het ondertekenen van de overeenkomsten met de socialistische landen te rapporteren:

„Het was een uiterst moeilijke taak, een moeilijke taak, omdat wij de structuur van onze handel in enkel een paar maanden hebben moeten veranderen. Van eind 1959, precies één jaar geleden, heeft Cuba van het zijn een land met een totaal koloniale structuur overgegaan, met binnenlandse en buitenlandse handelssystemen die volledig door de grote de invoerbedrijven afhankelijk worden overheerst van monopoliekapitaal, tot het zijn - in 10 maanden, vanaf Oktober, wanneer de cyclus definitief beëindigt - een land waar de staat een volledig monopolie over buitenlandse handel, en ook een groot deel van binnenlandse handel houdt. „

Hij verwees ook naar extra moeilijkheden die wij onder ogen zagen, gezien in die landen, het decimale metrische systeem werd gebruikt, terwijl wij de koloniale praktijk bleven gebruiken van het wegen in ponden en het meten in werven, met verschillende systemen om druk of een eenvoudige pijpmontage te meten.

Het elektro materiaal in Cuba gebruikt 60 cycli, terwijl in de socialistische landen, het 50 cycli per seconde was.

In het kort, zagen wij allerlei moeilijkheden, maar met de bepaling onder ogen om hen te overwinnen en over hen in gezicht van het dilemma te zegevieren dat voor ons door de imperialistische agressie wordt gecre�ërd.

De interessante anecdotes kwamen uit deze aanvankelijke ervaringen te voorschijn.

Bijvoorbeeld, in China, toen het evaluatie van de lijst van producten die moeten worden verhandeld, was er een verschil van $3 miljoen goedkeurend de Chinese kant.

Alvorens het definitieve protocol tegelijkertijd te ondertekenen, vertelde de Chinese eerste minister, Engels-Lai Chou, Che dat China niet zou moeten schijnen om meer in producten te ontvangen dan wat het naar Cuba uitvoerde.

Zo werd het beslist een lijn van $3 miljoen in kunsten en de ambachtenuitvoer te hebben, gezien tegelijkertijd, wij niet een andere producten konden vinden die aan onze behoeften voldeden.

Het was uit dat protocolcontingent van Chinese kunsten en ambachten dat veel verhalen in Havana over het grote volume van Chinese het lopen stokken en paraplu's die in onze opslag worden verkocht doorgaven.

Eigenlijk, verzonden de Chinezen ons waardevol knutselen dat ik overschreed de eerder vermelde waarde zeker ben.

Ik geloofde altijd dat noch zij noch wij werkelijk die prachtige dingen taxeerden.

In tegendeel, haalden voordeel bepaalde vreemdelingen die in Cuba tijdelijk leefden uit de situatie, die verrijkt door de onwettige verkoop van die kunstschatten.

Een andere bron van anecdotes en grappen was de sneeuwvlekkenmiddelen. Ik denk dat deze eigenlijk een basis in waarheid, in machines hadden die zelfde of gelijkaardig waren en om in onze mijnbouw werden gekocht worden uitgeprobeerd.

Ik zal nooit de blik van amazement op het gezicht van de Sovjetvertaler vergeten die, in het lezen van de lijst van dingen die wij hebben gewenst, geen wat wist om te zeggen toen een het typen fout hem ertoe bracht om de behoefte aan duizenden „aaplippen“ (bembas DE mono) in plaats van „handpompen“ te lezen (bombas DE mano).

Wij gekscheerden onder ons over het besluit door Bevelhebber Guevara om al ingeblikt vlees te kopen wij, en ook alle werktuigmachines konden dat wij konden.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.

[ش] في 1959
Automatically translated into Arabic thanks to WorldLingo
• من 1959, أصبح ال [غرّيلّا] بطوليّة واحدة من الزعيمات مركزية من العملية ثوريّة نتيجة ه يبرهن تعيين, تعدّد استعمال وقدرات وبسبب الحركيّة من الحادثات ضخمة ينتج من الإعتداء ضدّ كوبا • يتذكّر [هكتور] [رودرغز] [لومبرت] فيديل كاسترو إستراتيجية ل [كمبتينغ] الحصار أنّ يكون الآن أكثر من 45 [ير ولد], وال [رول بلي] ب [ش], الذي كان 80 [ير ولد] في يونيو - حزيران 14

ب [غبريل] [مولينا]:

• أجبرت الثورة كوبيّ يتلقّى دائما يكون أن يدافعبنفسي من العداءة من الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة حكومة, حتّى الأيام من السلسلة جبال [مسترا].

[أس رلي س] مارس - آذار من' 59, فقط ثلاثة شهور عقب الإنتصار من الكفاح مسلّحة, [ثن-فيس] - ترك رئيس ريتشارد نيكسون اجتماع هو كان قد أمسك مع فيديل في واشنطن ويقنع رئيس أيزنهاور أنّ عمل اضطرّ كنت أخذت أن يسقطه.

أنّ نفسه سنة, أقنع الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة الحكومة بريطانيّة أن يلغي عمليّة بيع من صياد مقاتلة طائرات إلى كوبا. [إين ث وبينيون وف] الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة طرح سلطات, أنّ طائرة مشكلة للغزوة هو كان أعدّ, وأيّ كان وفيت في أبريل - نيسان 1961 في النباح الخنازير. مع ال نفسه هدف, الفرنسيّة سفينة [بلوون-وب] لا [كوبر] كان في فبراير - شباط 1960 بما أنّ ذخائر كان يكون فرّغت على هافانا حوض سفينة. قتلت دزينات من كوبيّ والفرنسيّون مواطنات كان داخل أنّ إرهابية عمل, ينسب في كوبا إلى الوكالة المخابرات الأمريكيّة. في وقت واحد, منع واشنطن إتحاد من بنوك [وسترن-يوروبن] من يوافق قرض إلى كوبا من $100 مليون.

أحيانا تبنّى الحكومة ثوريّة التكتيك من ينتقم إلى ضرب اقتصاديّة. في يونيو - حزيران 6, عندما المعياريّة زيت, [تإكسك] وملكيّة هولنديّة [شلّ ويل] شركات يرفض, تحت الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة لم يتردّد أمر حكوميّ, أن يكرّس زيت أنّ كوبا كان قد اشترى من [سفيت ونيون], الحكومة كوبيّ أن يستلم المعمل تكرير أقلّ من واحدة شهر فيما بعد. استمرّ ال [سبرّينغ] مع المقاطعة أنّ أيزنهاور إدارة روّج بين زيت مصادر و [شيبّينغ كمبني].

كوبا استجاب ب يؤمّم معمل تكريره في أغسطس - آب 6.

ساهم [ش] [غفرا] في كلّ من أنّ حادثات وال يماثل قرارات, لا فقط كمقاتلة وسياسية, غير أنّ كإقتصادية, أو جيّدة يقول, مخططة من الاقتصاد مع فيديل, عمل ل أيّ هو ليس هكذا معروفة.

يبدأ مع [ش] مسؤولية أولى رسميّة مدنيّة كمديرة الصناعات للمعهد من إصلاح زراعيّة, وأيضا كرئيس من ال [نأيشنل بنك] بدءا نوفمبر - تشرين الثّاني من' 60, ووزير الصناعات بدءا 1962, كان هو واجب رسمه أن يتصرّف خصوصا في الاقتصاد, أن يطبّق الخطّ التنويع أنّ الثورة كان قد جدول كلا في إنتاج وتجارة دوليّة. شاهدة استثنائيّة إلى المسار القائدة [غفرا] متغطرس [رودرغز] [لّومبرت], الذي التقى [ش] في اللا [كبا] حصن - حيث قائدة [غفرا] كان الرئيس عسكريّة - في مبكّرة 1959. [لّومبرت] كان المندوبة بلديّة [رغلا], ويزوره مع نقيب [ميغل] [أنجل] [دوقو] [د] [إستردا], الذي كان [إين شرج وف] المحاكم ثوريّة. هنا بعض من ه قيّمة ذاكرات وتقييمات.

كيف أنت تتذكّر أنّ أيام أولى من الإعتداء?

--إعتداءات من كلّ أنواع بالولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة بدأ حكومة ضدّ كوبا جدّا [إرلي ون].

أجبت الإعتداء مسلّحة ضدّ الجزيرة [برودوكأيشن سنتر], إرهابية هجوم وتهديدات مسلّحة كان بالثورة ب ال يحسن تنظيم من ه جيش وأمن أجهزة, يكتسب أسلحة, ويخلق الميليشيات وطنيّة ثوريّة, لجن لدفاع من الثورة, [إتك.].

ال جعل دعم وتعيين من الناسنا أن يتنازع لنصرة تحت الشعار من `وطن أو موت' الخندقة سياسيّة [إيمبرنبل].

كان الخطط لإعتداء اقتصاديّة أكثر مختلسة, غير أنّ فقط بما أنّ خطرة

كيف [ش] ساهم في المعركة ضدّ أنّ خطط?

- الحالة اعتماد إجماليّة تقريبا على الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة تسوّقت وروابطنا اقتصاديّة من 50 سنون فعليّة مع القوة سابقة مستعمرة يجعل الحالة من [أبن كنومي] نا [إفن مور] يعقد.

هو كان أساسيّة أن يجد أخرى أسواق لالعمليّة بيع من منتوجاتنا, [أس ولّ س] ل يستورد بضائع.

في متأخّرة 1959, سوفياتية ثبتت معرض كان أن يتمّ في مكسيك, والوفد سوفييتيّة كان يكون قدت ب [ثن-دبوتي] رئيس وزراء [أنستس] [ميكون].

[أت ثت تيم], كان أنا مسؤولة في الوزارة ال [فورين فّيرس], وهو كان تماما قائدة [غفرا] الذي قالني أنّ أنا سوفت ذهبت إلى مكسيك أن رسميّا دعات [ميكون] أن يحضر المعرض سوفييتيّة إلى هافانا, ول ه إلى شخصيّا رصاص, إن يمكن, المهمة سوفييتيّة.

كواحدة نادرة شخصيّة, يتذكّر أنا كيف الجرائد أعلنوا [ش] زيارة; اليوم وصل أنا في مكسيك, هناك كان كثير مراسلات ومصورات في المطار. الجريدة [إل] أفاد قضيّة كليّة الأخبار أنّ يوم تحت العنوان: "توقّع هم كان ملتحية واحدة, و[سمووث-شكد] واحدة وصل."

عقب ارتبط [ا نومبر وف] نكسات إلى إجتماع [إكّلسستيكل] أنّ كان تمّ في كوبا [أت ث تيم], الزيارة كان اقترحت, وأخيرا حدث في فبراير - شباط 1960.

قاد الوفد كوبيّ بقائدة [غفرا] والسوفييتيّة واحدة أمسك [ا نومبر وف] [تلك بووت] الحاجة أن يضع نا سكر عمليّة بيع في الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة [سوق], بوجه التعليق وشيكة شراءات بالولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة.

وقعت اتّفاقيّة تجاريّة وآخر على اعتماد كان أخيرا على فبراير - شباط 13, 1960 ب ال [كمّندر-ين-شف] [فيديل كاسترو] و [أنستس] [ميكون].

[أت ثت تيم], منحنا الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة يوعد أن يشتري 5 مليون أطنان من [أونرفيند سوغر] كونيّة على خمسة سنون, واعتماد من $100 مليون, أن يكون سدّدت على 12 سنون مع 2.5% فائدة.

أوجز في المنظّمة الأمم المتّحدة مؤتمر على تجارة وتطوير في مارس - آذار 25, 1964, يتكلّم باسم حكومتنا, قائدة [غفرا] أنّ فترة أولى [أس فولّووس]: "فيما بعد, ميّزت هذا إعتداء كان بإجراءات يتّجه يشلّ الاقتصاد كوبيّ. كان الفكرة أن يحرم كوبا, في [ميد-1960], من الوقود هو احتاج للعملية من صناعاته, نقل و [بوور بلنت] كهربائيّة. تحت ضغطة من الدولة قسم, الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة مستقلّة شركة نفط رفضوا أن يبيع زيت إلى كوبا أو أن يجعل هم ناقلة نفط سفن يتوفّر لنقله. قريبا بعد ذلك, جعلت محاولة كان أن يحرم الجزيرة من ال [هرد كرّنسي] ضروريّة لتجارة أجنبيّة. قطعت في يوليو-تمّوز 6, 1960, [ثن-برسدنت] أيزنهاور كوبا سكر حصة إلى الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة إلى 700,000 أطنان, تماما يزيل أنّ حصة على مارس - آذار 31, 1961, [ا فو] أيام عقب ال يعلن تحالف لتقدم وأيام قبل النباح من خنازير غزوة. هناك كان محاولة أن يعطّل كوبا صناعة, ب يحرم هو من [رو متريلس] وأجزاء احتياطيّة لآلاته و, [تو ثت ند], في أكتوبر - تشرين الأوّل 19, 1960, الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة [دبرتمنت وف كمّرس] أصدر قرار يحظّر الشحن من يتعدّد منتوجات إلى جزيرتنا. أنّ أصبح حالة حظر على تجارة مع كوبا عظيمة, حتّى في فبراير - شباط 3, 1962, [ثن-برسدنت] كينيدي أفاد حظر كاملة على الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة تجارة مع كوبا. "

يتلقّى [فيلد] في كلّ من إعتداءه, الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة يتحرّك أن يطبّق [إكنوميك بلوكد] ضدّ بلدنا, يتّجه يمنع أخرى بلاد من يتاجر مع نا. أولى من كلّ, في يناير - كانون الثّاني 24, 1962, الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة خزينة أعلن قسم أنّ هو كان حظّر مدخل داخل الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة من أيّ منتوج يجعل, كلّيّة أو في جزء, مع منتوجات كوكيّة, [إفن يف] هم كان صنعت في آخر بلد. في آخر خطوة يعني الإقامة من [إكنوميك بلوكد] فعليّة, في فبراير - شباط 6, 1963, أصدر البيت الأبيض صحافة إطلاق يعلن أنّ بضاعة يشترى مع الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة حكومة حمّلت مال لم يكن فوق إلى سفن مع صخر لوحيّ أجنبيّة أنّ كان قد شبك في تجارة مع كوبا بعد يناير - كانون الثّاني [1ست] من أنّ سنة. أنّ كان كيف القائمة سوداء بدأ, أيّ يكون الآن طبّقت إلى أكثر من 150 سفن من بلاد الذي لم يحن إلى أسفل إلى الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة غير شرعيّ حصار. وفي آخر خطوة, أن يمنع تجارة مع كوبا, في يوليو-تمّوز 8, 1963, الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة خزينة جمّد قسم كلّ أصول كوريّة في الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة أرض ويحظّر كلّ إنتقال المال [تو ند فروم] كوبا, [أس ولّ س] أيّ أخرى صفقة في دولارات عن طريق [ثيرد كونتري].

ماذا كان الأهداف من أنّ رحلة?

- يعلق القرار أن يحرمنا من وقود, شراءات من سكر كونيّة وأخرى إعتداء اقتصاديّة تلقّى سابقا جسّد بأكتوبر - تشرين الأوّل 1960, عندما, كنائبة سكرتيرة في الوزارة ال [فورين فّيرس], أنا استلمت دعوة [تلفون] من [جيم] [برّيوس], الذي عمل مع [ش], يعلمني أنّ في ال يأتي أيام أنا سوفت تلاقيت وفد أنّ كنت قدت ب [ش] وزار [ألّ وف ث] بلاد اشتراكيّة. [أت ثت تيم], تحدّث [ش] كان سابقا إلى نا [قويت ا لوت] حول الحاجة أن يبني علاقات مع أنّ بلاد.

فيما بعد, علم أنا كثير تفاصيل حول مهمتنا; الهدف أوّليّة من ينوّع تجارتنا ب يضع أكثر من [سوغر برودوكأيشن] نا في أنّ أسواق ويستبدل الأغلبية من إستيرادنا مع منتوجات من أنّ أماكن.

مرّة في الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة, طارئ تمّ اجتماع في موسكو أنّ تضمّن تقريبا [ألّ وف ث] وزير الخارجيّة من البلاد اشتراكيّة. في الاجتماع, فسّر قائدة [غفرا] الحالة جدّيّة يواجه الثورة كوبيّ يعطى الإعتداء إمبرياليّة, وكالموضوع رئيسيّة, الحاجة أن يضع أربعة مليون أطنان السكر في أنّ أسواق, في سعر من أربعة سنون لكلّ باوند. كان هذا سعر [هيغر] من المعدل على نيويورك [ستوك إكسشنج] [أت ث تيم].

هو أيضا قال كان هو ضروريّة لكوبا أن يشتري منتوجاته أساسيّة من أنّ بلاد.

أنت سوفت تذكّرت أنّ [أت ث تيم], تلقّى كوبا لم بعد وزارة من تجارة أجنبيّة, ونحن تلقّينا معلومة صغيرة جدّا, وحتّى أقلّ خبرة, في أنّ منطقة. كان كلّ نحن قد كان حجات صلبة سياسيّة وحرف يوقع برئيس وزراءنا, قائدة فيديل كاسترو, أيّ تلقّى الطلب [أبوفمنأيشند], وحامله كان قائدة [غفرا].

ماذا كان الإتفاقات يبلغ?

- كنتيجة من أنّ مفاوضات, الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة يوعد أن يشتري 2.7 مليون أطنان السكر; الصين, [أن ميلّيون] أطنان; والأخرى بلاد اشتراكيّة, 300,000 أطنان.

[إين دّيأيشن], اشترى كوريا, فييتنام ومونغوليا كميات رمزيّة كتعبير من دعم وتضامن مع البلاد اشتراكيّة.

في موسكو, وقعت إتفاق متعدّد أطراف على دفعات كان أيضا.

زار مع الهدف من يبلغ اتّفاقيّة تجاريّة أنّ قائمة ميلان إلى جانب مدرجة من المنتوجات أن يكون اشتريت ويبيع, دفع إتفاقات واعتماد إتفاقات, الوفد قادوا ب [ش] أيضا تشيكوسلوفاكيا, الصين, كوريا [فدرل ربوبليك وف جرمني].

أثناء إقامته في الصين, وأن ينقذ وقت, قرّر [ش] أنّ هو زار الجمهورية ديموقراطيّة كوريا, وتلقّىني قدت مجموعة صغيرة إلى فييتنام ومونغوليا, بلاد مع أيّ نحن أيضا أسّسنا علاقات ديبلوماسيّة [أت ث تيم].

في النهاية من إقامته في برلين, [ش] اضطرّ رجعت إلى كوبا, يعلمنا أنّ جعل هو موقف قصيرة في بودابست وأنّ الوفد أنا كان قدت من بعد ذلك فوق سوفت سافرت إلى بولندا, مجر, رومانيا, بلغاريا وألبانيا.

كان هناك سابقا محادثة من الحاجة أن يغيّر كوبا بنية تجاريّة?

ظهر - بعد يصل في كوبا, قائدة [غفرا] على تلفزيون في يناير - كانون الثّاني 6, 1961, أن يفيد على ال يقع من الإتفاقات مع البلاد اشتراكيّة:

"كان هو جدّا يصعب مهمة, يصعب مهمة, لأنّ نحن قد اضطرّنا غيّرت البنية من تجارتنا في فقط [ا فو] شهور. من النهاية من 1959, تماما واحدة سنة [أغو], قد مرّ كوبا من يكون بلد مع بنية مستعمرة تماما, مع محلّية وتجارة أجنبيّة نظامات تماما يسيطر ب ال [إيمبورت كمبني] كبيرة متدلّية على إحتكار رأس مال, إلى يكون - في 10 شهور, بدءا أكتوبر - تشرين الأوّل, عندما الدورة نهائيّا ينهي - بلد حيث الدولة يمسك كاملة إحتكار على تجارة أجنبيّة, وأيضا جزء كبيرة من [دومستيك] تجارة. "

هو أيضا أحال صعوبات إضافيّة أنّ كان نحن يواجه, يعطى أنّ في أنّ بلاد, ال [متريك سستم] عشريّة كان استعملت, بينما نحن استمرّنا أن يستعمل الممارسة مستعمرة من يزن في باوندات ويقيس في أفنية, مع نظامات مختلفة ل يقيس ضغطة أو [بيب فيتّينغ] بسيطة.

[إلكتريكل قويبمنت] في كوبا إستعمالات 60 دورات, بينما في البلاد اشتراكيّة, كان هو 50 دورات لكلّ ثانية.

في قصيرة, واجه نحن كان كلّ أنواع الصعوبات, غير أنّ مع التعيين أن يقهر هم وإنتصار على هم في وجه من الورطة خلق ل نا بالإعتداء إمبرياليّة.

ظهر نوادر ممتعة من هذا خبرات أوّليّة.

مثلا, في الصين, عندما يقيّم القائمة ميلان إلى جانب المنتوجات أن يكون تاجرت, كان هناك فرق من $3 مليون يفضّل الجانب صينيّة.

قبل يقع البروتوكول نهائيّة, قال الرئيس وزراء صينيّة [أت ث تيم], [شو] [إن-لي], [ش] أنّ الصين سوفت لا يظهر أن يكون استلمت أكثر في منتوجات من ماذا هو كان صدق إلى كوبا.

هكذا قرّرت هو كان أن يتلقّى خطّ من $3 مليون في فنون وحرفات تصديرات, يعطى أنّ [أت ث تيم], نحن استطاع لم يجد أيّ أخرى منتوجات أنّ التقى حاجاتنا.

هو كان من أنّ بروتوكول طارئ من صينيّة فنون وحرفات أنّ حصص القصص تناقلوا في هافانا حول ال [لرج فولوم] من صينيّة يمشي عصي ومظال يكون يباع في مخازننا.

واقعيّا, أرسلنا الصينيّ [كرفتوورك] قيّمة أنّ أنا يوقن تجاوز القيمة سابقا يذكر.

أنا دائما صدقت أنّ لا قدّم هم ولا نحن حقّا أنّ أشياء رائعة.

استفدت على المعاكسة, أجنبيات مؤكّدة الذي كان عاش في كوبا مؤقّتا الحالة, يغنيبنفسي من خلال العمليّة بيع غير شرعيّ من أنّ فن ثروة.

كان آخر مصدر من نوادر ونكتات الثلج نواقل. أنا أفكّر أنّ تلقّى هذا واقعيّا أساس في حقيقة, في آلات أنّ كان ال نفس أو مماثلة وكان اشتريت أن يكون جربت في [مينينغ يندوستري] نا.

أنا أبدا سأنسى النظرة الانذهال على الوجه من المترجمة سوفييتيّة الذي, في يقرأ القائمة ميلان إلى جانب الأشياء نحن احتاج, لم يعرف ماذا أن يقول عندما [تب رّور] قاده أن يقرأ الحاجة لآلاف من "قرد شفات" ([بمبس] [د] أحاديّة) [إينستد وف] "[هند بومب]" ([بومبس] [د] [منو]).

نحن داعبنا [أمونغست] بنفسي حول القرار بقائدة [غفرا] أن يشتري [ألّ ث] يستطاع لحمة نحن استطعنا, وأيضا [ألّ ث] [مشن توول] أنّ نحن استطعنا.

A few months later, we would realize how correct those decisions were, when, mobilized to occupy trenches or as a volunteer in cutting sugar cane, I thought the Russian meat tasted glorious, after having made so many faces when we first tried the samples they had given us.

We had the same internal satisfaction of knowing that the problem created by the blockade of a shortage of spare parts could be solved through the machine tools we had bought, which a comrade on the delegation had commented on by going so far as to say that on the next King’s Day, we would have to do propaganda among the country’s parents so they would give each child the present of a machine tool.

Personally, I have unforgettable memories of those days together with a man as peerless as Che.

I had the opportunity to meet prominent individuals like Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai, Nikita Krushchev, Walter Ulbricht, Pham Van Dong and other outstanding leaders of the socialist camp.

But it is with special affection and admiration that I remember one agreeable and helpful young woman who helped us as a German translator in the FRG, Tamara Bunke Bider, who years later would go down in history as Tania the guerrilla fighter.

On February 23, 1961, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was created, with Alberto Mora appointed as its minister.

What problems were created by those changes in foreign trade, and what role in did Commander Guevara play in resolving them?

— Some time after returning from the trip to the socialist countries, I was appointed deputy minister of foreign trade.

During those early years of organizing and readapting our foreign trade, and despite having multiple responsibilities, Commander Guevara played an exceptional role in attending to and developing it.

During those years, Che referred publicly to foreign trade activity, sometimes to refute those who, like the [newspaper] Diario de la Marina, maliciously criticized the first agreements with the Soviet Union. He did that during a talk he gave at the University of Havana on March 2, 1960, and days later, on March 20, 1960, as part of the inaugural lecture of the TV program "The People’s University."

He also referred to the main difficulties we were facing at the time in taking on these tasks, such as during the speech he gave at a planning seminar in Algeria on July 13, 1963, where he said:

"Our foreign trade had changed completely in location. From 75% with the United States, it went to 75-80% with the socialist countries. A beneficial change for us in every respect, political and social, but in the economic respect, it required a large amount of organization.

Hundreds of specialized importers used to make their requests to the United States by telephone, and the next day they would arrive by ferry, direct from Miami to Havana. There were no warehouses or foresight of any kind.

That whole apparatus, without those technicians, enemies of the government, had to be established in what was first the Foreign Trade Bank of Cuba and later the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and centralize all of these purchases there with inexperienced people, to do them now, not one day away by telephone, but two months away, in long talks. And at the same time, raw materials that had a different name. And even more: if you all go today to a factory in this country and want to know what kind of steel is used for a given spare part, you will find that it has a number in a catalog, the SKF-27, for example. The SKF-27 in that company’s sales catalog corresponds to a particular component; how could that be requested in the socialist countries? We had to do analyses of steel, sometimes machine fabricate one or two particular parts. Almost impossible. We had to import the machines here in Cuba, with a shortage of highly-qualified technicians."

Those were Cuba’s everyday problems — and still are.

Was he pleased with the course of those trade relations?

— Che foresaw and warned of the difficulties and obstacles that, in our own experience of trade relations with certain socialist countries, led to the latter following capitalist patterns in the conduct of their relations with underdeveloped countries.

So, in a speech he gave in Algiers on February 24, 1965, at the second Afro-Asian Economic Solidarity Seminar, he said:

"Socialism cannot exist unless there is a change in people’s consciousness, creating a new, fraternal attitude toward humanity, both individually, within the society in which socialism is being or has been built, and in relation to the world, with respect to all of the nations that suffer imperialist oppression." •

1. Jaime Barrios, a Chilean, was killed on September 11, 1973 at La Moneda Palace.