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Barack Obama's historic victory (1)
Related to country: United States

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By RICHARD FALK*



The historic victory by Barack Obama is the first truly global election that has been celebrated by people around the world as if they had been voting participants. The re-election of George W. Bush in 2004 was also a national election with global reverberations, but it only aroused widespread feelings of fear and resentment around the world, and no sense of participation.

What we are slowly learning is that the United States is the first global state and, as such, its elections become a global, as well as national, event. From this perspective it is not surprising that peoples throughout the world follow American presidential campaigns and either cheer or lament their outcomes. What may be still unappreciated is that, for many societies, these American elections seem to generate more interest and enthusiasm than do elections in their own country. Obama's landslide victory in the United States was, without a doubt, an impressive achievement. It also restored international confidence in the health of the American body politic. It is worth noting that if peoples throughout the world had been enfranchised to vote in the American elections, the outcome would have been far more one-sided in Obama's favor. Perhaps some day the realities of political globalization will extend worldwide American voting rights, conferring actual rights as the foundation of an emergent "global democracy," but such a moment seems far off.

There are many reasons for most Americans to affirm Obama's victory. It does represent a remarkable threshold of achievement for African Americans, who have long borne the cruel burdens of racism. Beyond this, Obama's signature claim to lead the United States derived initially from his principled opposition to the Iraq War from its onset. His unconditional commitment to end American combat involvement in Iraq was extremely popular with voters, and will be tested in the months ahead as the politics of disengagement and withdrawal unfold.

Obama's campaign effectively championed the theme of change and hope, countering the mood of despair associated with the disillusionment left by eight years of Bush's presidency, as recently intensified by the sharp economic downturn. The Obama victory, above all, signaled to the world an American willingness to repudiate Bush militarist and unilateralist approaches to global policy. It also clearly expressed a willingness to address the financial meltdown and its economic fallout with policies helpful to the mass of Americans, and not just to Wall Street. This meant a long overdue reassertion of regulatory authority over markets and banks. There will be broad support among the American people for moving in these reformist directions, but the path will also be blocked at every stage by special interests that benefit from keeping things as they are.

The joy of the moment risks becoming the disappointment of the hour as the pain, tensions and intractability of this economic crisis become clear to the citizenry. The opportunities for this new president are exciting and seem attainable given his inspirational qualities of leadership. And yet we must realize that the challenges are daunting, perhaps beyond the capacity of any leader to meet successfully, at least in the short run. Time will tell, but what now prevails is an unprecedented mood of high and happy expectations. This will certainly bring a reformist resolve to Washington, but such a mood is fraught with peril. It can quickly give way to a sense of bitter disappointment, and can even give rise to charges of betrayal.

The most immediate foreign policy issues concern the war on terror, and how to withdraw from Iraq and achieve stability in Afghanistan. Obama will undoubtedly do his best to end the American combat role in Iraq as soon as possible, more or less in accord with his promise of completing the process in 16 months. The success of this effort will depend heavily upon what recently semi-dormant Iraqi insurgent forces do during the initial stages of this withdrawal process, and this is impossible to foresee. Withdrawal is likely to go relatively smoothly if the contending forces in Iraq realize that the alternative to power-sharing accommodations and compromises would be a long and bloody civil war, but such an optimistic outlook may never materialize; and then what?

The rapid removal of American troops is quite likely to lead to an immediate escalation of Iraqi violence as anti-government forces are tempted to test the will and capability of the Nuri al-Maliki government in circumstances where it is losing American support. If this latter scenario unfolds, it would exert considerable pressure on Obama to halt further withdrawals, or even reverse course. Under these conditions Obama would likely seek to avoid being charged with responsibility for a costly defeat in Iraq. Republican critics will undoubtedly allege that such regression in Iraq would have been averted had the John McCain/Bush policy of indefinitely prolonging the military engagement continued to guide American policy. As is always the case with foreign intervention in an unresolved struggle for national self-determination, uncertainty pervades any policy choice.

Obama's opposition to the undertaking of the Iraq War has long been vindicated, but whether his advocacy of rapid extrication is feasible under current conditions will remain uncertain during the months ahead. In light of these risks, Obama advisors may be tempted to pursue a more ambiguous policy path in Iraq by appearing to withdraw, but actually redeploying most of the American troops in the region, including the retention of a large military presence in Iraq. If Obama opts for such caution, it may temporarily calm some conservative critics in Washington and the media, but he will encounter sharp criticism from his legions of young supporters who did so much to elect him. How Obama decides to walk this tightrope between the political mainstream and his grassroots movement will shape the early months of his presidency, especially in foreign affairs.

Obama is simultaneously being challenged by a deteriorating security situation in Afghanistan that includes the revival of the Taliban, a weak central government in Kabul and the mounting political difficulties of dealing with hostile cross-border forces located in Pakistan. During the presidential campaign Obama pursued a centrist line on the war on terror by advocating enhanced involvement of American military forces in Afghanistan without ever questioning whether this underlying "war" should be "undeclared," and terrorism treated as elsewhere in the world, as a matter for law enforcement and intelligence operations taking full advantage of inter-governmental cooperation.

Both Obama and McCain favored augmenting American troops on the ground in Afghanistan by at least 32,000. Obama contended that such a shift could be achieved without further straining the overstretched military by assigning some of the departing American forces from Iraq to Afghanistan. What is at stake here is Obama's double view of the two wars, that the Iraq War was a wrong turn, whereas the Afghanistan War was a correct response to Sept. 11, 2001, but was not properly carried to completion primarily due to the diversion of attention and resources to Iraq. Obama wants to correct both mistakes of the Bush presidency, but at the same time he appears to subscribe to the major premise that declaring "a war on terror,| at least on al-Qaeda, was the right thing to do, and that Afghanistan is a necessary theater of military engagement, including insisting upon and managing Afghan regime change. Obama has also made some threats about carrying out attacks in Pakistan, even without the consent of Islamabad, if reliable intelligence locates Osama bin Laden or al-Qaeda sanctuaries.


todayszaman
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Richard Falk is professor emeritus of international law and practice at Princeton University.

November 17, 2008 | 8:16 AM Comments  0 comments

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