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Barack Obama's historic victory (2)
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By RICHARD FALK*



Barack Obama's presidential victory, above all, signaled to the world an American willingness to repudiate Bush militarist and unilateralist approaches to global policy.

Time will tell, but what now prevails is an unprecedented mood of high and happy expectations.The most immediate foreign policy issues concern the war on terror, and how to withdraw from Iraq and achieve stability in Afghanistan. Obama is simultaneously being challenged by a deteriorating security situation in Afghanistan that includes the revival of the Taliban, a weak central government in Kabul and the mounting political difficulties of dealing with hostile cross-border forces located in Pakistan.

What is most troublesome about the prospect of according renewed attention to Afghanistan is its seemingly uncritical reliance on counterinsurgency doctrine to promote American interests in a distant foreign country. Gen. David Petraeus has reformed counterinsurgency doctrine and practice in intelligent ways that exhibit a more sensitive appreciation of the need of American military forces to win over the population and be respectful toward the indigenous culture and religion, but it is still counterinsurgency. That is, it remains an intervention in internal political life by foreign military forces, which is inevitably an affront to sovereign rights in a post-colonial era of international relations. In practical terms, this means that a substantial portion of the Afghan people will probably view the American undertaking in their country with suspicion and hostility, and are likely to be supportive of resistance efforts. There is no doubt that the former Taliban regime was oppressive, as was Saddam Hussein's regime, but it still remains highly questionable whether a sustainable politics of emancipation can be achieved by military means, and the effort to do so is at best extremely costly and destructive, and often lands intervening forces in a quagmire.

This is the overriding lesson of the American defeat in Vietnam, which has yet to be learned by the foreign policy establishment. What has been attempted over and over again is to tweak counterinsurgency thinking and practice so as to make it succeed. It will be tragic if the Obama presidency traps itself on the counterinsurgency battlefields of Afghanistan. It would be one thing to mount a limited challenge to the al-Qaeda presence in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but quite another to undertake the political restructuring of a foreign state. It should be chastening to reflect upon the fact that the British Empire, and even the Soviet state with its common border, failed in their determined attempts to control the political destiny of Afghanistan. It will be so sad if the promise of the Obama presidency is squandered as a result of a misguided and unwise escalation of American ambitions in Afghanistan.

The other immediate concern for the Obama presidency will be Iran. Obama was much criticized during the presidential campaign for his announced readiness to meet with leaders of hostile states, including Iran, without preconditions. It remains to be seen whether Obama will risk his currently strong international reputation by arranging an early meeting with President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, especially devoted to ensuring that Iran's nuclear program does not end up producing nuclear weapons. Such diplomacy would represent a gamble by both parties. If successful, it will demonstrate the wisdom of Obama's approach, and could be the start of an encouraging regional approach to peace and security in the Middle East, especially if the Iraq withdrawal goes forward successfully and even more so if Iran helps to keep Iraq stable during the removal of American forces. But if such an initiative falters, as seems far more probable, then it will erode Obama's capacity to bring about an overall change in American foreign policy, and it could even lead to heightened regional tensions, risking a widening of the war zone.

One golden opportunity for the Obama presidency is to reopen the question of nuclear disarmament. The atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 frightened world leaders about the future and created a momentary resolve to find ways to ensure that these weapons would never be developed further or used again. This resolve was soon dissipated by the Cold War rivalry, which expressed itself in part through a superpower arms race, as well as by the gradual acquisition of nuclear weaponry by additional countries. Not since the end of World War II has there been such a realization as at the present that the future of world order is severely threatened by the existence and spread of these ultimate weapons of mass destruction.

Favoring nuclear disarmament in the early 21st century is no longer just a peace movement demand that is not taken seriously in governmental circles. Nuclear disarmament has been recently endorsed by several eminent and conservative American political figures: Henry Kissinger, former Republican Secretary of State George Shultz, former Democratic Secretary of Defense William Perry and former chair of the Senate Armed Forces Committee Sam Nunn. Their reasoning is set forth in two jointly authored articles published in the Wall Street Journal that are premised on a realist approach to global security and shaped by a preoccupation with fulfilling American national interests. They argue that the gradual erosion of the non-proliferation regime makes the possession of nuclear weapons by the United States far more dangerous than the risks associated with their elimination by way of negotiated and monitored reductions. Both Obama and John McCain expressed general support for a world free from nuclear weapons, but without proposing any specifics. Many observers of the international scene since the Soviet collapse have worried about such weapons falling into the hands of political extremists via the black market or through theft, especially given the "loose nukes" contained in Russia's poorly guarded arsenal of nuclear weapons. Similar worries have accompanied speculations that the government of nuclear Pakistan might be taken over by political elements with strong links to extremists.

A conference of nuclear weapons

There is little doubt that an Obama call for a major conference of nuclear weapons states for the purpose of achieving total nuclear disarmament over a period of one or two decades would generate strong endorsements from most governments and great enthusiasm at the grassroots. Of course, achieving a consensus among the eight nuclear-weapons states will not be easy, but the effort to do so, if genuinely promoted by the United States, would be worthwhile. It would, at the same time, help Obama sustain his footing on the moral high ground of world affairs even should the effort become bogged down by disagreements. Putting nuclear disarmament high on the American policy agenda would also provide global civil society with an activist cause with wide transnational appeal.

A multi-polar world

There is at present lots of commentary acknowledging the changing geopolitical landscape: the rise of China and India, a resurgent Russia, the collective force of the European Union and the leftward tilt of Latin America. Clearly the uni-polar moment of the 1990s has passed, and it seems likely that the Obama presidency will go out of its way to affirm its recognition of a multi-polar world. It will also exhibit a far more active reliance on the mechanisms of international cooperation than has been the case in recent years. The Obama leadership will also hopefully do its best to avoid pressures to revive the Cold War, as were evident in the neoconservative call for the defense of Georgia last August, or in its warning of the start of a new phase of international relations based on great power rivalry. A generally hopeful trend in world affairs, pioneered by Europe, is the rise of regionalism in Asia, Latin America and Africa, which could produce new forms of cooperation and peacekeeping that might encourage Washington to accept a more modest global presence, which in turn would begin the difficult process of acknowledging that America's existing overseas commitments have so far outrun its capabilities that it can no longer meet the domestic needs of its own population.

It is likely that this renewal of multilateralism will express itself in a more constructive approach to the United Nations, as well as a determined effort to achieve a shared global strategy on climate change. Here, too, rhetorical promise may not be accompanied by corresponding action. The Obama presidency is likely to give an immediate priority to domestic issues, especially in view of the sharply falling economy that has already caused a credit crisis, housing foreclosures, widespread unemployment, huge fiscal deficits and a declining national product. As a result, it would currently be almost impossible for any political leader to summon the political will needed to commit sufficient resources to deal effectively with longer-range global challenges.

The overall American situation increasingly requires some serious structural moves, as well as crucial readjustments of policy. At present, there is no indication that either Obama or his advisors are thinking along these lines. There is no way that the United States can live up to the Obama promise or, more modestly, free itself from its current difficulties without at least taking the following fundamental steps: reducing its military expenditures by 50 percent, which means closing many foreign military bases, drastically reducing its global naval presence and ending its program of nuclear defense and the militarization of space; it also means going all out for nuclear disarmament and the abandonment of counterinsurgency and preemptive/preventive war doctrines; and it would require an abrupt shift in economic policy from a reliance on capital-oriented neo-liberalism to a people-oriented return to Keynesianism. Given the unlikelihood of moving decisively in these directions during this first Obama presidential term, it will be important to lower expectations so as to avoid cynicism and despair. At the same time, critical independent voices must continue to call attention to these deeper challenges.

The implications of an Obama presidency for Turkey are mostly positive, especially if it proves possible in the near future to end the Iraq War and moderate tensions with Iran. The regional initiatives of the present leadership in Turkey will be affirmed by Washington, and are fully consistent with an expected increase in America's encouragement of maximizing the potential for regional and global cooperation. In this respect, Turkey's creative initiatives in response to Russian assertiveness in the Caspian region and its ongoing admirable effort to facilitate Israel-Syria peace negotiations will likely be welcomed by the Obama leadership as ways to increasingly share its foreign policy burdens on a regional basis. If this interpretation turns out to be accurate, it will lend important credibility to Obama's promise to work tirelessly to achieve a more secure, peaceful, fair and sustainable world.


todayszaman


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*Richard Falk is professor emeritus of international law and practice at Princeton University.

November 18, 2008 | 8:05 AM Comments  0 comments

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