By Andrew Purvis, The Observer UK:


As I step off the train at Heysel, the vast art deco structure of the Palais du Centenaire rises like a cathedral. With its four soaring buttresses topped by statues, the Palais forms the centrepiece of the Parc des Expositions in Brussels, Belgium - a trade-fair complex built in the 1930s to commemorate a century of independence from the Netherlands. This is the temporary home of thousands of fish products from around the world as 23,000 delegates descend from 80 countries for the annual European Seafood Exposition - the world's largest seafood trade show and a grim reminder of man's dominion over the oceans.

"If I wanted people to understand the global fishing crisis, I would bring them here," says Sally Bailey, a marine program officer with the World Wide Fund for Nature, one of the more moderate NGOs combating the exploitation of the seas. Last year, one of the more militant groups - Greenpeace - managed to "close down" five exhibitors trading in critically endangered bluefin tuna, by deploying 80 activists to drape their stands in fishing nets, chain themselves to fixtures and put up banners that read: "Time and tuna are running out".

Their main target was the Mitsubishi Corporation, the Japanese car manufacturer that is also the world's largest tuna trader, controlling 60% of the market and accounting for 40% of all bluefin tuna imported into Japan from the Mediterranean. The other companies were Dongwon Industries (Korea), Moon Marine (Taiwan/ Singapore), Azzopardi Fisheries (Malta) and Ricardo Fuentes & Sons (Spain).

The day I am there, Greenpeace activists are stalking EU fisheries ministers and waiting for a chance to unfurl their banners - but the security guards thwart them. However, the gargantuan catch on display speaks for itself. At the stand run by the Sea Wealth Frozen Food Company of Thailand, the shelves are groaning with jauntily designed packets of frozen squid, surimi (minced fish) dumplings, spring rolls, samosas and deep-fried cones with shrimp tails poking out of them. In the next aisle, a frenetic chef is wok-frying prawns from Madagascar, dipping them in little square dishes of cumin, coriander, chilli powder, salt, cinnamon and garlic. At the Taiwan Pavilion, the cabinets are full of chilled and frozen tilapia, barramundi, sushi, eel and vacuum packs of tobiko - orange flying-fish roe, salty, crunchy as granola and served by a young woman in national dress who literally has not heard of sustainability. "All the boats are out there catching fish with roe," she tells me. "With so many after the same species, this is a very difficult business for us."

These halls take several hours to negotiate, and the stands seemingly go on forever - 1,650 businesses in all, together peddling most of the 147m tonnes of seafood produced globally every year. Of this, 100m tonnes is caught in the wild while the rest is farmed to satisfy an insatiable demand. Already, 1.2bn people depend on fish in their diet - and in Europe we each consume 20kg per year on average, compared to 5kg per person in India. However, as the emergent middle classes in Asia develop a taste, and a budget, for seafood - considered a luxury item until now - demand will rocket further.

What the organizers must know, but are keeping mum about, is that the oceans are in a parlous state. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 70% of the world's fisheries are now fully exploited (ie, fished to the point where they can only just replenish themselves), overexploited or depleted. The majority of fish populations have been reduced by 70-95%, depending on the species, compared to the level they would be at if there were no fishing at all. In other words, only five per cent of fish are left in some cases. In more practical terms, fishermen are catching one or two fish per 100 hooks, compared to 10 fish per 100 hooks where a stock is healthy and unexploited - a measure of sustainability once used by the Japanese fleet. In England and Wales, we are landing one fish for every 20 that we landed in 1889, when government records began, despite having larger vessels, more sophisticated technology and trawl nets so vast and all-consuming that they are capable of containing 12 Boeing 747 aircraft.

Where have all those other fish gone? In short, we have eaten them. "Tens of thousands of bluefin tuna used to be caught in the North Sea every year," says Callum Roberts, professor of marine conservation at the University of York. "Now, there are none. Once, there were millions of skate - huge common skate, white skate, long-nosed skate - being landed from seas around the UK. The common skate is virtually extinct, the angel shark has gone. We have lost our marine megafauna as a consequence of exploitation."

Then there are the devastating effects of bottom trawling around our coasts, which began with the advent of the steam trawler 130 years ago. "Sweeping backwards and forwards across the seabed, they removed a whole carpet of invertebrates," Professor Roberts says, "such as corals, sponges, sea fans and seaweeds. On one map, dating from 1883, there is a huge area of the North Sea roughly the size of Wales, marked 'Oyster beds'. The last oysters were fished there commercially in the 1930s; the last live oyster was taken in the 1970s. We have altered the marine environment in a spectacular way."

Worse still, after stripping our own seas bare, we have "exported fishing capacity to the waters of developing countries", Professor Roberts warns. Off Mauritania, Senegal and other West African countries, fleets from the rich industrial north are "fishing in a totally unsustainable way with minimal oversight by European countries". In return for plundering the oceans, which deprives local people of food, and artisanal fishermen of their livelihood, these vessels pay minimal fees that impoverished countries are happy to accept. "It is a mining operation," Professor Roberts says, "a rerun of the exploitation of terrestrial wealth that happened in colonial days. This is colonialism in a new guise, albeit with a respectable cloak in the form of access agreements."

Such is the human feeding frenzy, there may come a time when there are no fish left to catch. In 2006, a study in the US journal Science warned that every single species we exploit would have collapsed by 2048 if populations continued to decline as they had since the 1950s. By 2003, nearly a third of all species had collapsed, the study found - meaning their numbers were down 90% or more on historic maximum catch levels. Extrapolate that on a graph, and the downward curve reaches 100% just before 2050.

That prognosis - now disputed - was based on a four-year study of fish populations, catch records and ocean ecosystems. "We really see the end of the line now," said the author Boris Worm of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, at the time. "It will be in our lifetime. Our children will see a world without seafood, if we do not change things." Many imagined a world where there would be no fish protein left to eat apart from jellyfish and marine algae.

What the study did not make sufficiently clear was that some fish populations had bounced back as a result of drastic measures by the authorities. In countries such as Iceland, Norway, the United States, New Zealand and Australia, fisheries management has been strengthened by controls that limit fishing effort (the number of boats out there, the time they spend at sea and the areas where they are allowed to fish). Another management approach, especially in Europe, is to control output (the amount of fish landed) using Total Allowable Catch quotas, or TACs. These are designed to maintain a stock's biomass - the estimated weight of fish left in the sea after fishing and natural deaths are taken into account. It should never be allowed to fall so low that a species is unable to spawn a healthy generation the following year.

Drawn up by scientists and organisations such as Ices (the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea), these quotas are discussed by fisheries ministers and fishermen at forums such as the EU. Both have vested interests, whether political or commercial. "If you put the fox in charge of the henhouse," Professor Roberts says, "decisions will be based on short-term constraints, such as paying the mortgage on the boat. Politicians, too, make choices that are beneficial to them or their constituents in the short term."

In other words, such gatherings often ride roughshod over the scientists' recommendations - as happened at a meeting of ICCAT (the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas) in Luxembourg in 2007, where quotas were being thrashed out for bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean. Scientists recommended an annual catch of 15,000 tonnes a year, with a preference for 10,000 tonnes - but EU ministers agreed a quota of 29,000 tonnes, enough to guarantee the collapse of the species. (Last year, quotas for 2009 were again set far higher than scientists were advising.)

In fact, the real amount of bluefin landed was 61,000 tonnes - four times what scientists had recommended - due to illegal and unreported fishing. Last month, the European Commission implemented a two-year control and inspection programme for bluefin tuna fisheries in seven Mediterranean countries, to clamp down on things such as illegal spotter planes used to track down tuna schools. Globally, black-market fishing is worth US$25bn (£17bn) a year. In Europe, 50% of the cod we eat has been caught illegally.

Those figures, and the Luxembourg debacle, are recorded in The End of the Line - the documentary, based on Charles Clover's book of that name, to be screened in UK cinemas from 8 June. However, the blatant disregard for science it portrays is not an isolated case. "We have analysed the decision-making of European fisheries ministers over the past 20 years," says Professor Roberts, "and systematically, year on year, they have set quotas that are 25 to 35% higher than the levels recommended by scientists."

How can our politicians get away with it? "There is no obligation upon them to take scientific advice," Professor Roberts explains. "What they will tell you is that it is only one of the things they have to consider. While they might be protecting a fisherman's livelihood in the term of one or two years, short-term decision-making like that guarantees stock collapse. It is not just a possibility, it is a certainty. The only uncertainty is how long it will take."

According to Professor Roberts: "What politicians should be deciding is how the catch is allocated within different nations. That is politics. What they shouldn't be deciding is how big the catch should be in the first place. That is science."

In Norway and the US, "they respect the advice of scientists", he adds - the best example being New England, where stocks of ground fish were in serious decline in the mid-1990s, but enlightened management brought them back. "At Georges Bank, they created a closed area of 20,000 square kilometres that was off-limits to mobile fishing gear [such as trawl nets]," Professor Roberts explains. They also cut fishing effort by a draconian 50% - putting many fishermen out of business. In the past 10 years, however, there has been "a spectacular recovery" of key economic species, Roberts says. "The haddock has bounced back, the flounder has bounced back, the scallops have bounced back, so it has been a great success story."

What this demonstrates is that, where there is political will, the tide can be turned on overfishing. In the US, a piece of 1976 legislation called the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act has recently been reauthorised, requiring the industry to end overfishing in all federal waters by 2011. There is no such legislation in Europe. Under the existing Act, fisheries in Alaska and the North Pacific are already well managed - which is why wild Pacific salmon, Pacific cod and pollock from Alaska were prime candidates for certification by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), the international NGO that created a standard for sustainable fisheries in the late 1990s and upholds it. Why do these US fisheries tick all the boxes?

"They have very progressive management under the North Pacific Fishery Management Council," Professor Roberts says, "with precautionary targets - so they go for a relatively low fraction of the fish population each year. They have closures to protect habitats and valued species such as Steller sea lions and sea otters [which can get caught in fishing gear] plus extensive areas that are closed to protect deep-water corals from destruction by bottom trawling."The authorities also impose quotas for bycatch - other species caught by mistake - to protect them from exploitation.

These are the kinds of issues the MSC is looking at when certifying fisheries. So far, 43 have been certified, including 10 in Britain, while more than 100 are under assessment - but what exactly does that mean? "Right from the start, the idea was that fisheries would be independently assessed by a third party," says James Simpson, communications officer at the MSC, "so although we set the standard, we don't carry out the assessments. That is important, because it means we don't have any influence over the results."

Instead, marine scientists from certifying bodies such as Food Certification International and Moody Marine do the work, delving into every aspect of sustainability and producing a report up to 900 pages long. "They look at stock levels, based on historical records," says Simpson, "at the impact fishing is having on the environment and at the management plan for the fishery."

A score of 80 or more must be achieved against each of these three criteria for a fishery to be certified.

The initial assessment is peer-reviewed by fellow scientists, stakeholders such as environmental groups have their say - and the fishery gets to carry the eco-label on its products. "To do that, you have to be able to trace the fish all the way through the supply chain," says Simpson, "because you don't want any non-certified species or illegally caught fish slipping into an MSC batch."

The science may be rigorous, but will the MSC label change the world?

With some species, the label is making a big difference: 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet

Imaginez un monde sans fruits de mer pour le dîner -- Il est plus proche que vous pensez
Automatically translated into French thanks to WorldLingo
Par Andrew Purvis, l'observateur R-U :


Pendant que je fais un pas outre du train chez Heysel, la vaste structure de deco d'art de Palais du Centenaire monte comme une cathédrale. Avec ses quatre contreforts montants a complété par des statues, les formes de Palais la pièce maîtresse des expositions de DES de Parc à Bruxelles, Belgique - un complexe commercer-juste établi dans les années 30 pour commémorer un siècle de l'indépendance des Pays Bas. C'est la maison provisoire des milliers de produits des pêches de partout dans le monde car 23.000 délégués descendent de 80 pays pour l'exposition européenne annuelle de fruits de mer - l'exposition commerciale commerciale des plus grands fruits de mer du monde et un rappel sinistre du dominion de l'homme au-dessus des océans.

« Si je voulais que les personnes comprissent la crise globale de pêche, je les apporterais ici, » dit Sally Bailey, un dirigeant marin de programme avec les fonds mondiaux pour la nature, une des O.N.G.s plus modérées combattant l'exploitation des mers. L'année dernière, un des groupes plus militants - Greenpeace - « bas étroit » contrôlé cinq exposants commerçant le thon en critique mis en danger de thonine, en déployant 80 activistes pour draper leurs stands dans les filets pêchants, s'enchaînent aux montages et ont mis vers le haut les bannières qui lisent : « Temps et thon s'épuisent ».

Leur cible principale était Mitsubishi Corporation, le fabricant de voiture japonais qui est également le plus grand commerçant du thon du monde, commandant 60% du marché et expliquant 40% de tout le thon de thonine importé en le Japon du méditerranéen. Les autres compagnies étaient les industries de Dongwon (Corée), le soldat de marine de lune (Taiwan Singapour), la pêche d'Azzopardi (Malte) et le Ricardo Fuentes et fils (Espagne).

Le jour je suis là, les activistes de Greenpeace égrappent des ministres de pêche de l'UE et attendent une chance d'unfurl leurs bannières - mais les gardes de sécurité les contrecarrent. Cependant, l'accrocher gargantuesque à l'affichage parle pour lui-même. Au stand courez par Surgelés Wealth Sea Food Company de la Thaïlande, les étagères gémissent des paquets d'un air désinvolte conçus du calmar surgelé, des boulettes de surimi (poisson haché), des roulements de ressort, des samosas et des cônes cuits en friteuse avec des queues de crevette poussant hors de elles. Dans le prochain bas-côté, un chef frénétique wok-fait frire des crevettes roses du Madagascar, les plongeant dans peu de plats carrés de cumin, de coriandre, de poudre de piments, de sel, de cannelle et d'ail. Au pavillon de Taiwan, les coffrets sont pleins du tilapia, du barramundi, des sushi, de l'anguille et des emballages sous vide effrayants et congelés de tobiko - oeufs oranges de vol-poissons, salé, croquant comme granola et servi par une jeune femme dans la robe nationale qui littéralement n'a pas entendu parler de la durabilité. « Tous bateaux pêchent dehors là des poissons avec des oeufs de poisson, » elle me dit. « Avec tellement beaucoup après les mêmes espèces, ceci sont des affaires très difficiles pour nous.  »

Ces halls prennent plusieurs heures pour négocier, et les stands continuent apparemment pour toujours - 1.650 entreprises en tout, ensemble colportant la plupart des tonnes de 147m de fruits de mer produites globalement chaque année. De ceci, des tonnes de 100m est attrapées dans le sauvage tandis que le repos est cultivé pour satisfaire une demande insatiable. Déjà, les gens 1.2bn dépendent des poissons dans leur régime - et en Europe nous chacun consommons 20kg par an en moyenne, comparé à 5kg par personne en Inde. Cependant, car les classes moyens émergents en Asie développent un goût, et un budget, parce que des fruits de mer - a considéré un article de luxe jusqu'ici - la demande montera en flèche plus loin.

Ce qui les organisateurs doivent savoir, mais maintenir la maman environ, est que les océans sont dans un état périlleux. L'organisation de nourriture et d'agriculture De l'ONU estime que 70% de la pêche du monde sont maintenant entièrement exploités (IE, pêché au point où ils peuvent seulement juste se compléter le niveau), overexploited ou a épuisé. La majorité de populations de poissons ont été réduites de 70-95%, selon les espèces, comparées au niveau qu'ils seraient à s'il n'y avait aucune pêche du tout. En d'autres termes, seulement cinq pour cent de poissons sont laissés dans certains cas. En termes plus pratiques, les pêcheurs pêchent un ou deux poissons par 100 crochets, comparés à 10 poissons par 100 crochets où des actions sont saines et inexploitées - une mesure de durabilité une fois employée par la flotte japonaise. En Angleterre et au Pays de Gales, nous débarquons un poisson pour chaque 20 que nous avons débarqués en 1889, quand les disques de gouvernement ont commencé, en dépit de avoir plus grand les navires, la technologie plus sophistiquée et le chalut produit net si vaste et tout-consommation cette ils sont capables de contenir 12 l'avion de Boeing 747.

Où tous ces autres poissons sont allés ? En bref, nous les avons mangés. Des « dizaines de milliers de thon de thonine étaient attrapées en Mer du Nord chaque année, » dit Callum Roberts, professeur de conservation marine à l'université de York. « Maintenant, il n'y en a aucun. Une fois que, il y avait des millions du patin - patin commun énorme, patin blanc, patin au nez long - étant débarqué des mers autour du R-U. Le patin commun est pratiquement éteint, le requin d'ange est allé. Nous avons perdu notre megafauna marin par suite de l'exploitation. « 

Puis il y a les effets dévastateurs du fond chalutant autour de nos côtes, qui ont commencé par l'arrivée du chalutier de vapeur il y a 130 ans. Le « balayage vers l'arrière et expédie à travers le fond de la mer, ils a enlevé un tapis entier des invertébrés, » professeur Roberts dit, « comme des coraux, des éponges, des ventilateurs de mer et des algues. Sur une carte, datant de 1883, il y a une région énorme de la Mer du Nord rudement la taille du Pays de Gales, « lits d'huître » marqués. Les dernières huîtres ont été pêchées là commercialement dans les années 30 ; la dernière huître de phase a été prise dans les années 70. Nous avons changé l'environnement marin d'une manière spectaculaire. Un « 

plus mauvais distillateur, après avoir dépouillé nos propres mers découvrent, nous « avons exporté pêchant la capacité vers les eaux des pays en voie de développement », professeur Roberts avertit. Outre de la Mauritanie, du Sénégal et d'autre les pays africains occidentaux, des flottes du nord industriel riche « pêchent d'une manière totalement insoutenable avec l'inadvertance minimale par les pays européens ». En échange pour piller les océans, qui prive les personnes locales de la nourriture, et des pêcheurs d'artisanal de leur vie, ces navires payent les honoraires minimaux que les pays appauvris sont heureux d'accepter. « C'est un travail dans la mine, » professeur Roberts dit, « une réexécution de l'exploitation de la richesse terrestre qui s'est produite en jours coloniaux. C'est colonialisme dans une nouvelle apparence, quoiqu'avec un manteau respectable sous forme d'accords d'accès. « 

Telle est la frénésie de alimentation humaine, là peut venir un moment où il n'y a plus aucun poisson à attraper. En 2006, une étude en la Science de journal des USA a averti que chaque les espèces simples que nous exploitons se seraient effondrées d'ici 2048 si les populations continuaient à refuser comme elles ont eu depuis les années 50. D'ici 2003, presque un tiers de toutes les espèces s'était effondré, l'étude trouvée - signifiant leurs nombres étaient en bas de 90% ou de plus aux niveaux maximum historiques de crochet. Extrapolez cela sur un graphique, et les extensions de haut en bas 100% de courbe juste avant 2050.

Que le pronostic - maintenant contesté - a été basé sur une étude de quatre ans des populations de poissons, des disques de crochet et des écosystèmes d'océan. « Nous voyons vraiment l'extrémité de la ligne maintenant, » a dit le ver de Boris d'auteur de l'université de Dalhousie à Halifax, la Nouvelle-Écosse, alors. « Il sera dans notre vie. Nos enfants verront un monde sans fruits de mer, si nous ne changeons pas des choses. « Beaucoup ont imaginé un monde où il n'y aurait plus aucune protéine de poisson à manger indépendamment des méduses et des algues marines.

Ce que l'étude n'a pas rendu suffisamment clair était que les populations de quelques poissons avaient rebondi en raison des mesures draconiennes par les autorités. Dans les pays tels que l'Islande, la Norvège, les Etats-Unis, la Nouvelle Zélande et l'Australie, la gestion de pêche a été renforcée par les commandes qui limitent l'effort de pêche (le nombre de bateaux dehors là, le temps où elles passent en mer et les secteurs où elles sont permises de pêcher). Une autre approche de gestion, particulièrement en Europe, est de commander le rendement (la quantité de poissons débarqués) employant des quotas de pêche permis totaux, ou le TACs. Ceux-ci sont conçus pour maintenir la biomasse des actions - le poids estimé de poissons à gauche en mer après pêche et les décès normales sont pris en considération. Il devrait ne jamais permettre de tomber tellement bas que les espèces ne peut pas engendrer une génération saine l'année suivante.

Élaboré par des scientifiques et des organismes comme glace (le Conseil international pour l'exploration de la mer), ces quotes-parts sont discutés par des ministres et des pêcheurs de pêche aux forum tels que l'UE. Tous les deux ont des droits acquis, si politique ou commercial. « Si vous mettez le renard responsable du poulailler, » professeur Roberts dit, des « décisions sera basé sur des contraintes à court terme, telles que payer l'hypothèque sur le bateau. Les politiciens, aussi, font les choix qui leur sont salutaires ou leurs constituants à court terme. « 

En d'autres termes, de tels rassemblements montent souvent aciéré au-dessus des recommandations des scientifiques - comme produit lors d'une réunion d'ICCAT (la Commission internationale pour la conservation des thons atlantiques) au Luxembourg en 2007, où des quotes-parts étaient débattues pour le thon de thonine du méditerranéen. Les scientifiques ont recommandé un crochet annuel de 15.000 tonnes par an, avec une préférence pour 10.000 tonnes - mais les ministres de l'UE ont accepté une quote-part de 29.000 tonnes, assez pour garantir l'effondrement des espèces. (L'année dernière, des quotes-parts pour 2009 ont été de nouveau placées bien plus hautes que les scientifiques conseillaient.)

en fait, la vraie quantité de thonine débarquée était de 61.000 tonnes - quatre fois quels scientifiques avaient recommandé - de due à la pêche illégale et non rapportée. Le mois dernier, la Commission européenne a mis en application un programme de deux ans de commande et d'inspection pour la pêche de thon de thonine dans sept pays méditerranéens, à la bride vers le bas sur des choses telles que les avions illégaux d'observateur utilisés pour dépister des écoles de thon. Globalement, la pêche de noir-marché vaut la peine US$25bn (£17bn) une année. En Europe, 50% de la morue que nous mangeons a été attrapé illégalement.

Ces figures, et le débâcle du luxembourgeois, sont enregistrés à la fin de la ligne - le documentaire, basé sur le livre du trèfle de Charles de ce nom, pour être examiné dans les cinémas BRITANNIQUES à partir du 8 juin. Cependant, la négligence flagrante pour la science qu'elle dépeint n'est pas une caisse d'isolement. « Nous avons analysé la prise de décision des ministres européens de pêche au cours des 20 dernières années, » dit professeur Roberts, « et systématiquement, année l'année, ils ont placé les quotes-parts qui sont de 25 à 35% plus hauts que les niveaux recommandés par des scientifiques.  »

Comment nos politiciens peuvent-ils partir avec elle ? « Il n'y a aucune obligation sur eux de prendre le conseil scientifique, » professeur Roberts explique. « Ce qu'elles indiqueront vous est qu'il est seulement un des choses qu'elles doivent considérer. Tandis qu'ils pourraient protéger la vie d'un pêcheur dans la limite d'un ou deux ans, la prise de décision à court terme comme celle garantit l'effondrement courant. Il n'est pas simplement une possibilité, il est une certitude. La seule incertitude est combien de temps elle prendra. « 

Selon professeur Roberts : « Quels politiciens devraient décider est comment le crochet est assigné dans différentes nations. C'est la politique. Ce qu'elles ne devraient pas décider est comment grand le crochet devrait être en premier lieu. C'est la science. « 

En Norvège et aux USA, « ils respectent le conseil des scientifiques », il ajoute - le meilleur exemple étant la Nouvelle Angleterre, où les stocks de poissons moulus étaient dans le déclin sérieux au milieu des années 90, mais la gestion éclairée les a rapportés. « À la banque de Georges, ils ont créé une aire fermée de 20.000 kilomètres carrés qui était interdite aux attirails de pêche mobiles [tels que des filets de chalut], » professeur Roberts explique. Ils ont également coupé l'effort de pêche d'un 50% draconien - mise de beaucoup de pêcheurs hors des affaires. En 10 dernières années, cependant, il y a eu « un rétablissement spectaculaire » des espèces économiques principales, Roberts dit. « L'aiglefin a rebondi, le flet a rebondi, les festons ont rebondi, ainsi c'a été une grande histoire de succès.  »

Ce que ceci démontre est que, où il y a de volonté politique, la marée peut être tournée sur des pêches excessives. Aux USA, un morceau de législation 1976 appelée la conservation de pêche de Magnuson-Stevens et la gestion que l'acte a récemment étée reauthorised, exigeant de l'industrie de finir des pêches excessives dans toutes les eaux fédérales d'ici 2011. Il n'y a aucune une telle législation en Europe. Sous la Loi existante, la pêche en Alaska et le Pacifique du nord sont déjà bons contrôlés - qui est pourquoi la morue Pacifique et le pollock saumonés et Pacifiques sauvages d'Alaska étaient les candidats principaux pour la certification par le Conseil marin d'intendance (MSC), l'O.N.G. internationale qui a créé une norme pour la pêche soutenable vers la fin des années 90 et la confirme. Pourquoi ces pêche des USA fait-elle tic tac toutes boîtes ?

« Ils ont la gestion très progressive sous le Conseil Pacifique du nord de gestion de pêche, » professeur Roberts dit, « avec les cibles de précaution - ainsi ils vont pour une fraction relativement basse de la population de poissons tous les ans. Ils ont des fermetures pour protéger des habitats et des espèces évaluées telles que les otaries de Steller et les loutres de mer [qui peuvent se faire attraper dans des attirails de pêche] plus les secteurs étendus qui sont clôturés pour protéger les coraux d'eau profonde contre la destruction par la pêche au chalut inférieure. « Les autorités imposent également des quotes-parts pour la capture accessoire - d'autres espèces attrapées par erreur - pour les protéger contre l'exploitation.

Ce sont les genres de questions que le MSC regarde en certifiant la pêche. Jusqu'ici, 43 ont été certifiés, y compris 10 en Grande-Bretagne, alors que plus de 100 sont sous l'évaluation - mais ce qui fait exactement ce moyen ? « Droit dès le début, l'idée était que la pêche serait indépendamment évaluée par un tiers, » dit James Simpson, dirigeant de communications au MSC, « ainsi bien que nous ayons fixé la norme, nous n'effectuent pas les évaluations. C'est important, parce qu'il signifie que nous n'avons aucune influence au-dessus des résultats. « 

À la place, les scientifiques marins des corps de certification tels que le soldat de marine international et déprimé de certification de nourriture effectuent le travail, fouillant dans chaque aspect de durabilité et produisant un rapport jusqu'à 900 pages longtemps. « Ils regardent courant niveau, basé sur les disques historiques, » dit Simpson, « à la pêche d'impact a sur l'environnement et au plan de gestion pour la pêche.  »

Une vingtaine de 80 ou plus doit être réalisée contre chacun de ces trois critères pour qu'une pêche soit certifiée.

L'évaluation initiale pair-est passée en revue par des scientifiques de camarade, les dépositaires tels que les groupes environnementaux ont leur parole - et la pêche obtient de porter eco-marque sur ses produits. « Pour faire cela, vous devez pouvoir tracer les poissons complètement la chaîne d'approvisionnements, » dit Simpson, « parce que vous ne voulez aucune espèce non-certifiée ou n'avez pas illégalement pêché des poissons glissant dans un groupe de MSC.  »

La science être rigoureuse, mais l'étiquette de MSC peut-elle changera-t-elle le monde ?

Avec quelques espèces, l'étiquette fait une grande différence : 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet

Imagine un mundo sin los mariscos para la cena -- Es más cercana que usted piensa
Automatically translated into Spanish thanks to WorldLingo
Por Andrew Purvis, el observador Reino Unido:


Mientras que camino del tren en Heysel, la estructura extensa del deco de arte del Palais du Centenaire se levanta como una catedral. Con sus cuatro contrafuertes altísimos remató por las estatuas, las formas de Palais la pieza central de las exposiciones del DES de Parc en Bruselas, Bélgica - un complejo negociar-justo construido en los años 30 para conmemorar un siglo de la independencia de los Países Bajos. Éste es el hogar temporal de millares de productos pesqueros de alrededor del mundo pues 23.000 delegados descienden a partir de 80 países para la exposición europea anual de los mariscos - la demostración comercial de los mariscos más grandes del mundo y un recordatorio severo del dominio del hombre sobre los océanos.

“Si quisiera que la gente entendiera la crisis global de la pesca, la traería aquí,” dice a Sally Bailey, oficial marina del programa con el fondo mundial para la naturaleza, uno de los NGOs más moderados que combaten la explotación de los mares. El año pasado, uno de los grupos más militantes - Greenpeace - “llanura cercana manejada” cinco expositores que negocian en atún críticamente puesto en peligro del bluefin, desplegando a 80 activistas para cubrir sus soportes en redes de pesca, se encadena a los accesorios y puso para arriba las banderas que leen: “Tiempo y el atún están funcionando hacia fuera”.

Su blanco principal era el Mitsubishi Corporation, el fabricante de coche japonés que es también el comerciante más grande del atún del mundo, controlando el 60% del mercado y explicando el 40% de todo el atún del bluefin importado en Japón del mediterráneo. Las otras compañías eran industrias de Dongwon (Corea), infante de marina de la luna (Taiwán Singapur), industrias pesqueras de Azzopardi (Malta) y Ricardo Fuentes y hijos (España).

El día estoy allí, los activistas de Greenpeace están acechando a ministros de las industrias pesqueras del EU y están esperando una ocasión de desplegar sus banderas - pero los protectores de seguridad las frustran. Sin embargo, el retén enorme en la exhibición habla para sí mismo. En el soporte funcione por Sea Wealth el Food Congelado Company de Tailandia, los estantes están gimiendo con los paquetes vivazmente diseñados del calamar congelado, de las bolas de masa hervida del surimi (pescado picadito), de los rodillos del resorte, de los samosas y de los conos deep-fried con las colas del camarón que empujan fuera de ellas. En el pasillo siguiente, un cocinero frenético wok-está friendo las gambas de Madagascar, sumergiéndolas en pocos platos cuadrados del comino, del coriandro, del polvo de chiles, de la sal, del cinamomo y del ajo. En el Pavilion de Taiwán, los gabinetes son llenos de tilapia, de barramundi, de sushi, de anguila y de paquetes de vacío enfriados y congelados de tobiko - hueva anaranjada de los vuelo-pescados, salado, crujiente como granola y servido por una mujer joven en el vestido nacional que no ha oído hablar literalmente de sustainability. “Todos los barcos hacia fuera allí están cogiendo pescados con las huevas,” ella me dicen. “Con tan muchos después de la misma especie, ésta está un negocio muy difícil para nosotros. ”

Estos pasillos toman varias horas para negociar, y los soportes se encienden aparentemente por siempre - 1.650 negocios en todos, juntos peddling la mayor parte de las toneladas del 147m de mariscos producidas global cada año. De esto, las toneladas del 100m se cogen en el salvaje mientras que el resto se cultiva para satisfacer una demanda insaciable. Ya, la gente 1.2bn depende de pescados en su dieta - y en Europa cada uno consumimos 20kg por año en el promedio, comparado a 5kg por persona en la India. Sin embargo, pues las clases medias inesperadas en Asia desarrollan un gusto, y un presupuesto, porque los mariscos - consideraba un artículo de lujo hasta este momento - la demanda alcanzará gran altura rápida y súbitamente más lejos.

Qué los organizadores deben saber, sino mantener a momia alrededor, es que los océanos están en un estado parlous. La organización de alimento y de agricultura De la O.N.U estima que los 70% de las industrias pesqueras del mundo ahora están explotados completamente (IE, pescado al punto donde pueden apenas llenarse solamente), overexploited o lo agotó. 70-95% ha reducido a la mayoría de poblaciones de los pescados, dependiendo de la especie, comparada al nivel que estarían en si no había pesca en todos. Es decir solamente cinco por ciento de pescados se dejan en algunos casos. En términos más prácticos, los pescadores están cogiendo uno o dos pescados por 100 ganchos, comparados a 10 pescados por 100 ganchos donde está sana e inexplotada una acción - una medida de sustainability usada una vez por la flota japonesa. En Inglaterra y País de Gales, estamos aterrizando un pescado para cada 20 que aterrizamos en 1889, cuando los expedientes del gobierno comenzaron, a pesar de tener más grande los recipientes, la tecnología sofisticada y la red barredera produce neto tan extenso y el todo-consumir ese son capaces de contener 12 el avión de Boeing 747.

¿Adónde esos el resto de los pescados han ido? En fin, los hemos comido. Los “diez de millares de atún del bluefin eran cogidos en el Mar del Norte cada año,” dice Callum Roberts, profesor de la conservación marina en la universidad de York. “Ahora, no hay ninguno. Una vez que, hubiera millones de patín - patín común enorme, patín blanco, patín long-nosed - siendo aterrizado de los mares alrededor del Reino Unido. El patín común está virtualmente extinto, el tiburón de ángel ha ido. Hemos perdido nuestro megafauna marina como consecuencia de la explotación. “

Entonces hay los efectos devastadores del fondo que pescan con red barredera alrededor de nuestras costas, que comenzaron con el advenimiento del barco rastreador del vapor hace 130 años. El “barrer al revés y remite a través del fondo del mar, ellos quitó una alfombra entera de invertebrados,” profesor Roberts dice, “por ejemplo corales, esponjas, ventiladores del mar y algas marinas. En un mapa, fechando a partir de 1883, hay un área enorme del Mar del Norte áspero el tamaño de País de Gales, “camas marcadas de la ostra”. Las ostras pasadas fueron pescadas allí comercialmente en los años 30; la ostra viva pasada fue tomada en los años 70. Hemos alterado el ambiente marina de una manera espectacular. El “

alambique peor, después de pelar nuestros propios mares descubre, “hemos exportado pescando capacidad a las aguas de países en vías de desarrollo”, profesor Roberts advierte. De Mauritania, de Senegal y de otro los países africanos del oeste, las flotas del norte industrial rico “están pescando de una manera totalmente insostenible con descuido mínimo por los países europeos”. A cambio de pillar los océanos, que priva a gente local del alimento, y a pescadores del artisanal de su sustento, estos recipientes pagan honorarios mínimos que los países empobrecidos son felices aceptar. “Es una operación de explotación minera,” profesor Roberts dice, “un reestreno de la explotación de la abundancia terrestre que sucedió en días coloniales. Éste es colonialismo en un nuevo modo, no obstante con un capote respetable bajo la forma de acuerdos del acceso. “

Tal es el frenesí de alimentación humano, allí puede venir una época en que no hay pescados a la izquierda a coger. En 2006, un estudio en la ciencia del diario de los E.E.U.U. advirtió que cada sola especie que explotamos se hubiera derrumbado antes de 2048 si las poblaciones continuaron declinando como tenían desde los años 50. Antes de 2003, un tercero de toda la especie se había derrumbado casi, el estudio encontrado - significando sus números estaban abajo del 90% o más en niveles máximos históricos del retén. Extrapole eso en un gráfico, y los alcances hacia abajo 100% de la curva momentos antes de 2050.

Que el pronóstico - ahora disputado - fue basado en un estudio de cuatro años de las poblaciones de los pescados, de los expedientes del retén y de los ecosistemas del océano. “Realmente ahora vemos el extremo de la línea,” dijo el gusano de Boris del autor de la universidad de Dalhousie en Halifax, Nueva Escocia, en ese entonces. “Estará en nuestro curso de la vida. Nuestros niños verán un mundo sin los mariscos, si no cambiamos cosas. “Muchos imaginaban un mundo donde no habría proteína de pescados a la izquierda a comer aparte de medusas y algas marinas.

Qué el estudio no hizo suficientemente claro era que las poblaciones de algunos pescados habían despedido detrás como resultado de medidas drásticas por las autoridades. En países tales como Islandia, Noruega, los Estados Unidos, Nueva Zelandia y Australia, la gerencia de las industrias pesqueras ha sido consolidada por los controles que limitan el esfuerzo de la pesca (el número de barcos hacia fuera allí, el tiempo que ella pasa en el mar y las áreas donde a le se permite pescar). Otro acercamiento de la gerencia, especialmente en Europa, es controlar la salida (la cantidad de pescados aterrizados) que usa contingentes de retén permisibles totales, o TACs. Éstos se diseñan para mantener la biomasa de una acción - el peso estimado de pescados a la izquierda en el mar después de la pesca y las muertes naturales considerado. Debe nunca ser permitido bajar tan bajo que una especie no puede frezar una generación sana el año siguiente.

Elaborado por los científicos y las organizaciones por ejemplo hiela (el consejo internacional para la exploración del mar), estos contingentes son discutidos por los ministros y los pescadores de las industrias pesqueras en los foros tales como el EU. Ambos tienen intereses adquiridos, es político o comercial. “Si usted pone el zorro a cargo del henhouse,” profesor Roberts dice, las “decisiones será basado en apremios a corto plazo, tales como pagar la hipoteca en el barco. Los políticos, hacen también las opciones que les son beneficiosas o sus componentes en un futúro próximo. “

Es decir tales reuniones montan a menudo acerado sobre las recomendaciones de los científicos - según lo sucedido en una reunión de ICCAT (la Comisión internacional para la conservación de atunes atlánticos) en Luxemburgo en 2007, donde los contingentes eran golpeados hacia fuera para el atún del bluefin del mediterráneo. Los científicos recomendaron un retén anual de 15.000 toneladas al año, con una preferencia por 10.000 toneladas - pero los ministros del EU acordaron un contingente de 29.000 toneladas, bastantes para garantizar el derrumbamiento de la especie. (El año pasado, los contingentes para 2009 otra vez fueron fijados lejos más altos que los científicos aconsejaban.)

de hecho, la cantidad verdadera de bluefin aterrizada era 61.000 toneladas - cuatro veces qué científicos habían recomendado - de debido a la pesca ilegal y no denunciada. El mes pasado, la Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas puso un programa de dos años del control en ejecución y de la inspección para las industrias pesqueras del atún del bluefin en siete países mediterráneos, a la abrazadera abajo en cosas tales como planos ilegales del observador de tiro usados para seguir abajo escuelas del atún. Global, la pesca del negro-mercado vale US$25bn (£17bn) un año. En Europa, el 50% del bacalao que comemos se ha cogido ilegal.

Esas figuras, y el desastre de Luxemburgo, se registran en el extremo de la línea - el documentary, basado en el libro del trébol de Charles de ese nombre, para ser defendido en cines BRITÁNICOS a partir del 8 de junio. Sin embargo, la indiferencia evidente para la ciencia que retrata no es una caja aislada. “Hemos analizado la toma de decisión de los ministros europeos de las industrias pesqueras sobre los últimos 20 años,” dice a profesor Roberts, “y sistemáticamente, año el año, han fijado los contingentes que son 25 a los 35% más altos que los niveles recomendados por los científicos. ¿”

Cómo pueden nuestros políticos conseguir lejos con él? “No hay obligación sobre ellos de tomar consejo científico,” profesor Roberts explica. “Qué dirán usted es que es solamente uno de las cosas que tienen que considerar. Mientras que puede ser que protejan el sustento de un pescador en el término de uno o dos años, la toma de decisión a corto plazo como ésa garantiza el derrumbamiento común. No es justo una posibilidad, él es una certeza. La única incertidumbre es cuánto tiempo tomará. “

Según profesor Roberts: “Qué políticos deben decidir es cómo el retén se asigna dentro de diversas naciones. Ésa es política. Qué él no debe decidir es cómo es grande el retén debe estar en el primer lugar. Ésa es ciencia. “

En Noruega y los E.E.U.U., “respetan el consejo de científicos”, él agrega - el mejor ejemplo que era Nueva Inglaterra, donde estaba la acción de los pescados de tierra en la declinación seria en los mid-1990s, solamente gerencia aclarada los trajo detrás. “En el banco de Georges, crearon un área cerrada de 20.000 kilómetros cuadrados que era fuera de límites al engranaje de pesca móvil [tal como redes de la red barredera],” profesor Roberts explican. También cortaron esfuerzo de la pesca por un 50% draconiano - poner a muchos pescadores de negocio. En los últimos 10 años, sin embargo, ha habido “una recuperación espectacular” de la especie económica dominante, Roberts dice. “El abadejo ha despedido detrás, la platija ha despedido detrás, las conchas de peregrino han despedido detrás, así que ha sido una gran historia del éxito. ”

Qué esto demuestra es que, donde hay voluntad política, la marea se puede dar vuelta en overfishing. En los E.E.U.U., un pedazo de la legislación 1976 llamada la conservación de la industria pesquera de Magnuson-Stevens y la gerencia que el acto ha estado recientemente reauthorised, requiriendo la industria terminar overfishing en todas las aguas federales antes de 2011. No hay tal legislación en Europa. Bajo acto existente, las industrias pesqueras en Alaska y el Pacífico del norte están ya bien manejados - que es porqué el bacalao pacífico y el pollock de color salmón, pacíficos salvajes de Alaska eran candidatos primeros a la certificación del consejo marina de la administración (MSC), el NGO internacional que creó un estándar para las industrias pesqueras sostenibles en los últimos años 90 y lo mantiene. ¿Por qué estas industrias pesqueras de los E.E.U.U. hacen tictac todas las cajas?

“Tienen gerencia muy progresiva debajo del consejo pacífico del norte de la gerencia de la industria pesquera,” profesor Roberts dice, “con las blancos preventivas - así que van para una fracción relativamente baja de la población de los pescados cada año. Tienen encierros para proteger habitat y especie valorada tal como leones de mar de Steller y nutrias del mar [que puedan conseguir cogidos en engranaje de pesca] más las áreas extensas que son cerradas para proteger los corales profundos contra la destrucción por pescar con red barredera inferior. “Las autoridades también imponen los contingentes para el bycatch - la otra especie cogida por error - para protegerlos contra la explotación.

Éstas son las clases de ediciones que el MSC está mirando al certificar industrias pesqueras. ¿Hasta ahora, 43 se han certificado, incluyendo 10 en Gran Bretaña, mientras que más de 100 están bajo gravamen - pero qué hace exactamente ese medio? “Derecho del comienzo, la idea era que las industrias pesqueras serían determinadas independientemente por terceros,” dice a James Simpson, oficial de las comunicaciones en el MSC, “tan aunque fijamos el estándar, nosotros no realiza los gravámenes. Eso es importante, porque significa que no tenemos ninguna influencia sobre los resultados. “

En lugar de otro, los científicos marinas de cuerpos que certifican tales como infante de marina internacional y cambiante de la certificación del alimento hacen el trabajo, cavando en cada aspecto del sustainability y produciendo un informe hasta 900 páginas de largo. “Miran común nivel, basado en expedientes históricos,” dice a Simpson, “en la pesca del impacto está teniendo en el ambiente y en el plan de la gerencia para la industria pesquera. ”

Una cuenta de 80 o de más se debe alcanzar contra cada uno de estos tres criterios para que una industria pesquera sea certificada.

El gravamen inicial par-es repasado por los científicos del compañero, los tenedores de apuestas tales como grupos ambientales tienen su opinión - y la industria pesquera consigue llevar eco-etiqueta en sus productos. “Para hacer eso, usted tiene que poder remontar los pescados completamente la cadena de fuente,” dice Simpson, “porque usted no desea ninguna especie no-certificada ni cogió ilegal los pescados que se deslizan en una hornada del MSC. ¿”

La ciencia puede ser rigurosa, pero la etiqueta del MSC cambiará el mundo?

Con una cierta especie, la etiqueta está diferenciando grande: 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet

Immagini un mondo senza frutti di mare per il Supper -- È più vicino di pensate
Automatically translated into Italian thanks to WorldLingo
Da Andrew Purvis, l'osservatore Regno Unito:


Mentre faccio un passo fuori del treno a Heysel, la struttura ampia di deco di arte del Palais du Centenaire aumenta come una cattedrale. Con i relativi quattro contrafforti salenti ha superato dalle statue, le forme di Palais il centro delle esposizioni del DES di Parc a Bruxelles, Belgio - un complesso commerci-giusto sviluppato nei 1930s per commemorare un secolo di indipendenza dai Paesi Bassi. Ciò è la sede provvisoria delle migliaia dei prodotti della pesca intorno al mondo poichè 23.000 delegati discendono da 80 paesi per l'esposizione europea annuale dei frutti di mare - l'esposizione commerciale dei più grandi frutti di mare del mondo e un ricordo torvo di dominion dell'uomo sopra gli oceani.

“Se desiderassi la gente capire la crisi globale di pesca, le porterei qui,„ dice Sally Bailey, un ufficiale marino di programma con il fondo monetario in tutto il mondo per la natura, uno dei NGOs più moderati che combattono lo sfruttamento dei mari. L'anno scorso, uno dei più gruppi del militante - Greenpeace - “basso vicino„ riuscito cinque exhibitors che commerciano nel tonno criticamente messo del bluefin, schierando 80 attivisti per coprire i loro basamenti nelle reti da pesca, si concatena ai dispositivi ed ha messo in su le bandiere che leggono: “Tempo ed il tonno stanno esaurendo„.

Il loro obiettivo principale era il Mitsubishi Corporation, il fornitore di automobile giapponese che è inoltre il più grande commerciante del tonno del mondo, controllante 60% del mercato e rappresentante 40% di tutto il tonno del bluefin importato in Giappone dal Mediterraneo. Le altre aziende erano industrie di Dongwon (Corea), fante di marina della luna (Taiwan Singapore), le industrie della pesca di Azzopardi (Malta) e Ricardo Fuentes & i figli (Spagna).

Il giorno sono là, gli attivisti di Greenpeace stanno inseguendo i ministri delle industrie della pesca di UE e stanno aspettando una probabilità unfurl le loro bandiere - ma le protezioni di sicurezza le contrastano. Tuttavia, l'attacc pantagruelico ad esposizione parla per se. Al basamento funzioni dal Sea Wealth Frozen Food Company della Tailandia, le mensole stanno gemendo con i pacchetti jauntily progettati del calamaro frozen, delle polpette di surimi (pesce tritato), dei rulli della molla, dei samosas e dei coni fritti in grasso bollente con le code del gambero che colpiscono da loro. Nella navata seguente, un chef frenetic wok-sta friggendo i gamberetti dal Madagascar, tuffante li in pochi piatti quadrati di cumino, di coriandolo, della polvere di peperoncini rossi, del sale, della cannella e dell'aglio. Al Pavilion della Taiwan, gli armadietti sono pieni del tilapia raffreddato e congelato, del barramundi, dei sushi, dell'anguilla e delle confezioni sotto vuoto del tobiko - uovo di pesce arancione dei volo-pesci, salato, crunchy come granola e servito da una donna giovane in vestito nazionale che non ha sentito parlare letteralmente il sustainability. “Tutte le barche fuori là stanno pescando i pesci con le uova,„ lei mi dice. “Con tanti dopo la stessa specie, questa è un commercio molto difficile per noi. „

Questi corridoi occorrono parecchie ore per negoziare ed i basamenti apparentemente accendono per sempre - 1.650 commerci in tutto, insieme peddling la maggior parte delle tonnellate di 147m di frutti di mare prodotte globalmente ogni anno. Di questa, le tonnellate di 100m è interferita nel selvaggio mentre il resto è coltivato per soddisfare una richiesta insaziabile. Già, la gente 1.2bn dipende dai pesci nella loro dieta - e in Europa ciascuno consumiamo 20kg all'anno in media, confrontato a 5kg a persona in India. Tuttavia, poichè le classi medie emergenti in Asia sviluppano un gusto e un preventivo, dato che frutti di mare - ha considerato un articolo di lusso finora - la richiesta saetterà in alto più ulteriormente.

Che cosa gli organizzatori devono sapere, ma mantenere il mum circa, è che gli oceani sono in un parlous dichiarano. L'Organizzazione per l'alimentazione e l'agricoltura del NU valuta che 70% delle industrie della pesca del mondo ora completamente sono sfruttati (IE, pescato al punto in cui possono riempirsi soltanto appena), overexploited o esaurito. La maggior parte delle popolazioni dei pesci è stata ridotta del 70-95%, secondo la specie, confrontata al livello che sarebbero a se non ci fosse pesca affatto. Cioè soltanto cinque per cento dei pesci sono lasciati in alcuni casi. Nei termini più pratici, i pescatori stanno pescando uno o due pesce per 100 ganci, confrontati a 10 pesci per 100 ganci in cui lle azione sono sane e non sfruttate - una misura del sustainability usata una volta dalla flotta giapponese. In Inghilterra e nel Galles, stiamo atterrando un pesce per ogni 20 che abbiamo atterrato in 1889, quando le annotazioni di governo hanno cominciato, malgrado avere più grande i vasi, la tecnologia resa sofisticato e la sciabica copre così ampio con reti e tutto-consumare quel sono capaci di contenere 12 il velivolo di Boeing 747.

Dove tutti quei altri pesci sono andato? In breve, li abbiamo mangiati. “I dieci delle migliaia del tonno del bluefin hanno usato essere interferiti nel Mare del Nord ogni anno,„ dice Callum Roberts, professore di conservazione marina all'università di York. “Ora, non ci ne sono. Una volta che, ci fossero milioni di pattino - pattino comune enorme, pattino bianco, pattino long-nosed - che è atterrato dai mari intorno al Regno Unito. Il pattino comune è virtualmente estinto, lo squalo di angelo è andato. Abbiamo perso il nostro megafauna marino in conseguenza di sfruttamento. “

Allora ci sono gli effetti devastating della parte inferiore che pescano a strascico intorno ai nostri litorali, che hanno cominciato con l'avvenimento della sciabica del vapore 130 anni fa. “Scopare indietro e spedisce attraverso il fondo marino, ha rimosso una moquette intera degli invertebrati,„ il professor Roberts dice, “quali i corals, le spugne, i ventilatori del mare e le alghe. Su un programma, datante da 1883, ci è approssimativamente una regione enorme del Mare del Nord il formato del Galles, “basi dell'ostrica„ contrassegnate. Le ultime ostriche sono state pescate commercialmente là nei 1930s; l'ultima ostrica in tensione è stata presa negli anni 70. Abbiamo alterato l'ambiente marino in un senso spettacolare. “

L'alambicco più difettoso, dopo avere messo a nudo i nostri propri mari scopre, “abbiamo esportato pescando la capienza alle acque dei p#si in via di sviluppo„, il professor Roberts avverte. Fuori della Mauritania, del Senegal e di altro i paesi africani ad ovest, flotte dal nord industriale ricco “stanno pescando in un senso completamente insostenibile con la svista minima dai paesi europei„. In cambio del saccheggio gli oceani, che priva la gente locale di alimento e dei pescatori di artisanal della loro vita, questi vasi pagano le tasse minime che i paesi impoveriti sono felici di accettare. “È un lavoro minerario,„ il professor Roberts dice, “un rerun dello sfruttamento di ricchezza terrestre che è accaduto nei giorni coloniali. Ciò è il colonialismo in una nuova apparenza, anche se con un mantello respectable sotto forma di gli accordi di accesso. “

Tale è il frenzy d'alimentazione umano, là può venire un periodo in cui non ci sono pesci a sinistra da interferire. In 2006, uno studio nella scienza del giornale degli Stati Uniti ha avvertito che ogni singola specie che sfruttiamo sarebbe sprofondato entro 2048 se le popolazioni continuassero a rifiutare come hanno avute dagli anni 50. Entro 2003, quasi un terzo di tutta la specie era sprofondato, lo studio trovato - significando i loro numeri erano giù 90% o più ai carichi massimi storici del fermo. Estrapoli quello su un grafico e le estensioni in discesa 100% della curva appena prima 2050.

Che la prognosi - ora disputata - è stata basata su uno studio quadriennale sulle popolazioni dei pesci, sulle annotazioni del fermo e sugli ecosistemi dell'oceano. “Realmente ora vediamo l'estremità della linea,„ ha detto la vite senza fine del Boris dell'autore dell'università di Dalhousie a Halifax, Nuova Scozia, allora. “Sarà nel nostro corso della vita. I nostri bambini vedranno un mondo senza frutti di mare, se non cambiamo le cose. “Molti hanno immaginato un mondo in cui non ci sarebbe proteina di pesci a sinistra da mangiare oltre alle meduse ed alle alghe marine.

Che cosa lo studio non ha dichiarato sufficiente era che popolazioni di alcuni pesci si erano riprese come conseguenza delle misure drastiche dalle autorità. In paesi quali l'Islanda, la Norvegia, gli Stati Uniti, la Nuova Zelanda e l'Australia, l'amministrazione delle industrie della pesca è stata rinforzata tramite i comandi che limitano lo sforzo di pesca (il numero di barche fuori là, il tempo che spendono in mare e le zone dove sono permesse pescare). Un altro metodo dell'amministrazione, particolarmente in Europa, è controllare l'uscita (la quantità di pesci atterrati) che usando le quote di pesca permissibili totali, o TACs. Questi sono destinati per effettuare la biomassa delle azione - il peso valutato dei pesci a sinistra nel mare dopo pesca e le morti naturali sono considerati. Dovrebbe non essere permesso mai cadere così basso che una specie non può deporre le uova una generazione sana il seguente anno.

Elaborato dagli scienziati e dalle organizzazioni come ghiaccia (Consiglio internazionale per l'esplorazione del mare), queste quote sono discussi dai ministri e dai pescatori delle industrie della pesca alle tribune quale l'UE. Entrambi hanno interessi acquisiti, se politico o commerciale. “Se mettete la volpe incaricata del henhouse,„ il professor Roberts dice, “decisioni sarà basato sui vincoli di breve durata, come pagamento dell'ipoteca sulla barca. I politici, anche, fanno le scelte che sono favorevoli loro o i loro costituenti a breve termine. “

Cioè tali riunioni guidano spesso ferrato a ghiaccio sopra le raccomandazioni degli scienziati - come accaduto ad una riunione di ICCAT (la Commissione internazionale per la conservazione dei tonni atlantici) a Lussemburgo in 2007, dove le quote stavano battende fuori per il tonno del bluefin dal Mediterraneo. Gli scienziati hanno suggerito un fermo annuale di 15.000 tonnellate l'annualmente, con una preferenza per 10.000 tonnellate - ma i ministri di UE hanno accosentito una quota di 29.000 tonnellate, abbastanza per garantire il crollo della specie. (L'anno scorso, le quote per 2009 di nuovo sono state regolate ben superiori a gli scienziati stavano raccomandando.)

infatti, la quantità reale di bluefin atterrata era 61.000 tonnellate - quattro volte che scienziati avevano suggerito - dovuto pesca illegale e non riferita. Ultimo mese, la Commissione Europea ha effettuato un programma biennale di controllo e di controllo per le industrie della pesca del tonno del bluefin in sette paesi mediterranei, al morsetto giù sulle cose quali gli aerei illegali dello spotter utilizzati per rintracciare giù le scuole del tonno. Globalmente, la pesca del nero-mercato vale US$25bn (£17bn) un anno. in Europa, 50% del merluzzo che mangiamo è stato interferito illegalmente.

Quelle figure ed il debacle del Lussemburgo, sono registrati alla fine della linea - il documentary, basato sul libro del trifoglio del Charles di quel nome, per essere selezionato in cinematografi BRITANNICI dall'8 giugno. Tuttavia, la negligenza blatant per la scienza che ritrae non è una cassa isolata. “Abbiamo analizzato la risoluzione dei ministri europei delle industrie della pesca in questi ultimi 20 anni,„ dice il professor Roberts, “e sistematicamente, anno sull'anno, hanno regolato le quote che sono 25 - 35% superiori ai livelli suggeriti dagli scienziati. „

Come possono i nostri politici ottenere via con esso? “Non ci è obbligo su loro di prendere il consiglio scientifico,„ il professor Roberts spiega. “A che cosa diranno siete che è soltanto uno delle cose che devono considerare. Mentre potrebbero proteggere la vita del pescatore nel termine di uno o due anno, la risoluzione di breve durata come quella garantisce il crollo di riserva. Non è giusto una possibilità, esso è una certezza. L'unica incertezza è quanto tempo prenderà. “

Secondo il professor Roberts: “Che politici dovrebbero decidere è come il fermo è assegnato all'interno delle nazioni differenti. Quella è politica. Che cosa non dovrebbero decidere è quanto grande il fermo dovrebbe essere in primo luogo. Quella è la scienza. “

In Norvegia e negli Stati Uniti, “rispettano il consiglio degli scienziati„, aggiunge - l'esempio migliore che è la Nuova Inghilterra, in cui gli stock di pesci a terra erano nel declino serio nei mid-1990s, ma amministrazione chiarita li ha riportati. “Alla banca del Georges, hanno generato una superficie chiusa di 20.000 chilometri quadrati che era off-limits all'attrezzatura di pesca mobile [quali le reti della sciabica],„ il professor Roberts spiegano. Inoltre hanno tagliato lo sforzo di pesca da un 50% draconiano - mettere molti pescatori dal commercio. Durante i 10 anni scorsi, tuttavia, ci è stato “un recupero spettacolare„ della specie economica chiave, Roberts dice. “L'eglefino si è ripreso, il dimenamento si è ripreso, i pettini si sono ripresi, in modo da è stato una storia grande di successo. „

Che cosa questo dimostra è che, dove ci è politico politica, la marea può essere girata sul overfishing. Negli Stati Uniti, una parte di legislazione 1976 denominata la conservazione dell'industria della pesca di Magnuson-Stevens e l'amministrazione che la Legge recentemente è stata reauthorised, richiedendo l'industria concludere overfishing in tutte le acque federali entro 2011. Non ci è tale legislazione in Europa. A norma della legge attuale, le industrie della pesca nell'Alaska ed il Pacifico del nord sono già buono controllati - che è perchè il merluzzo pacifico ed il pollock di color salmone e pacifici selvaggi dall'Alaska erano candidati principali per la certificazione dal Consiglio marino di Stewardship (MSC), il NGO internazionale che ha generato un campione per le industrie della pesca sostenibili verso la fine degli anni 90 e lo sostiene. Perchè queste industrie della pesca degli Stati Uniti fanno tic tac tutte le scatole?

“Hanno amministrazione molto progressiva sotto il Consiglio pacifico del nord dell'amministrazione dell'industria della pesca,„ il professor Roberts dice, “con gli obiettivi preventivi - in modo da vanno ogni anno per una frazione relativamente bassa della popolazione dei pesci. Hanno chiusure per proteggere gli habitat e la specie stimata quali i leoni di mare di Steller e le lontre del mare [che possono ottenere interferiti in attrezzatura di pesca] più le vaste zone che sono chiuse proteggere i corals di acqua profonda da distruzione dal pesca a strascico inferiore. “Le autorità inoltre impongono le quote per bycatch - l'altra specie interferita dall'errore - per proteggerle da sfruttamento.

Questi sono i generi di edizioni che il MSC sta guardando quando certifica le industrie della pesca. Finora, 43 sono stati certificati, compreso 10 in Gran-Bretagna, mentre più di 100 sono sotto la valutazione - ma che cosa fa esattamente quella media? “Di destra dall'inizio, l'idea era che le industrie della pesca sarebbero valutate indipendentemente dai terzi,„ dice James Simpson, ufficiale di comunicazioni al MSC, “così anche se abbiamo regolato il campione, noi non effettua le valutazioni. Quello è importante, perché significa che non abbiamo alcun'influenza sopra i risultati. “

Preferibilmente, gli scienziati marini dai corpi certificanti quale il fante di marina internazionale e Moody di certificazione dell'alimento fanno il lavoro, esaminante a fondo ogni funzione del sustainability e producente lungamente un rapporto fino a 900 pagine. “Guardano di riserva livello, basato sulle annotazioni storiche,„ dice Simpson, “alla pesca di effetto sta avendo sull'ambiente ed al programma dell'amministrazione per l'industria della pesca. „

Un segno di 80 o del più deve essere realizzato contro ciascuno di questi tre test di verifica affinchè un'industria della pesca sia certificato.

La valutazione iniziale pari-è rivista dagli scienziati del collega, i consegnatari quali i gruppi ambientali hanno loro opinione - e l'industria della pesca ottiene trasportare eco-identifica sui relativi prodotti. “Per fare quello, dovete potere seguire completamente i pesci la catena di rifornimento,„ dite Simpson, “perché non desiderate alcuna specie non-certificata o illegalmente non avete pescato i pesci che slittano in un batch del MSC. „

La scienza può essere rigorosa, ma l'etichetta del MSC cambierà il mondo?

Con qualche specie, l'etichetta sta facendo una differenza grande: 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet

Stellen Sie sich eine Welt ohne eßbare Meerestiere für das Abendessen vor -- Es ist näher, als Sie denken
Automatically translated into German thanks to WorldLingo
Durch Andrew Purvis, der Beobachter Großbritannien:


Während ich weg vom Zug bei Heysel trete, steigt die beträchtliche Art DecoStruktur Palais du Centenaire wie eine Kathedrale. Mit seinen vier hochfliegenden Strebepfeilern überstieg durch Statuen, die Palais Formen das Mittelstück der Parc DES Ausstellungen in Brüssel, Belgien - ein handeln-angemessener Komplex, der in den dreißiger Jahren errichtet wurde, um ein Jahrhundert von Unabhängigkeit von den Niederlanden zu gedenken. Dieses ist die vorrübergehende Geldanlage von Tausenden Fischprodukten um von der Welt, da 23.000 Delegierte von 80 Ländern für die jährliche europäische Meerestier-Ausstellung - das Geschäftserscheinen der größten eßbaren Meerestiere der Welt und eine grimmige Anzeige von der Herrschaft des Mannes über den Ozeanen absteigen.

„Wenn ich Leute die globale Fischenkrise verstehen wünschte, würde ich sie hier,“ holen, sagt Sally Bailey, ein Marineprogrammoffizier mit der weltweiten Kapital für Natur, eine der gemäßigteren nichtstaatlichen Organisationen, welche die Ausnutzung der Meere bekämpfen. Letztes Jahr, ketten sich eine der militanteren Gruppen - Greenpeace - gehandhabter „naher Abstieg“ fünf Aussteller, die in kritisch gefährdetem bluefin Thunfisch handeln, indem es 80 Aktivisten entfaltet, um ihre Standplätze in fischenden Netzen zu drapieren, an Befestigungen an und setzten oben Fahnen, die lesen: „Zeit und Thunfisch laufen heraus“.

Ihr Hauptziel war Mitsubishi Corporation, der japanische Autohersteller, der auch der größte Thunfischhändler der Welt ist, 60% des Marktes steuert und 40% alles bluefin Thunfischs beträgt, der in Japan vom Mittelmeer importiert wird. Die anderen Firmen waren Dongwon Industrien (Korea), Mond-Marine (Taiwan Singapur), Azzopardi Fischereien (Malta) und Ricardo Fuentes u. Söhne (Spanien).

Der Tag bin ich dort, pirschen Greenpeace Aktivisten EU-Fischereiminister an und warten eine Wahrscheinlichkeit unfurl ihre Fahnen - aber der Sicherheit Schutz vereitelt sie. Jedoch spricht die gewaltige Verriegelung auf Anzeige für sich. Auf dem Stand, der durch Sea Wealth Frozen Food Company von Thailand laufen gelassen wird, ächzen die Regale mit fesch entworfenen Paketen des gefrorenen Kalmars, surimi (gehackter Fisch) der Mehlklöße, der Frühling Rollen, der samosas und der fritierten Kegel mit den Garneleendstücken, die aus ihnen heraus stoßen. Im folgenden Gang wok-brät ein frenetischer Chef Garnelen von Madagaskar und taucht sie in wenigen quadratischen Tellern des Kreuzkümmels, des Korianders, des Paprikapuders, des Salzes, des Zimts und des Knoblauchs ein. Am Taiwan Pavillion sind die Schränke von gekühltem und gefrorenem tilapia, von barramundi, von Sushi, von Aal und von Vakuumsätzen tobiko - orange Fliegenfische Rogen voll, salzig, crunchy als Granola und gedient durch eine junge Frau im nationalen Kleid, das buchstäblich nicht von sustainability gehört hat. „Alle Boote heraus verfangen dort sich Fische mit Rogen,“ sie erklärt mir. „Mit so vielen nach der gleichen Sorte, diese ist ein sehr schwieriges Geschäft für uns. “

Diese Hallen dauern einige Stunden, um zu vermitteln, und die Standplätze gehen scheinbar für immer - 1.650 Geschäfte in allen weiter und zusammen feilbieten die meisten 147m Tonnen eßbaren Meerestieren global produziert jedes Jahr. Von diesem wird die 100m Tonnen im wilden verfangen, während der Rest bewirtschaftet wird, um eine unersättliche Nachfrage zu erfüllen. Bereits hängen Leute 1.2bn von den Fischen in ihrer Diät ab - und in Europa verbrauchen wir jedes 20kg pro Jahr auf dem Durchschnitt, verglichen mit 5kg pro Person in Indien. Jedoch da die emergent Mittelklasse in Asien einen Geschmack entwickeln, und ein Etat, denn eßbare Meerestiere - betrachtete einen Luxusartikel bis jetzt - Nachfrage schnellt weiter hoch.

Was die Organisatoren wissen, aber Mama ungefähr halten müssen, ist, daß die Ozeane in einem parlous Zustand sind. Die Nahrungsmittel-und Landwirtschaftorganisation Der UNO schätzt, daß 70% der Fischereien der Welt jetzt völlig ausgenutzt werden (IE, gefischt zum Punkt, in dem sie nur gerade sich ergänzen können), overexploited oder verbrauchte. Die Mehrheit einen Fischbevölkerungen sind um 70-95%, abhängig von der Sorte verringert worden, verglichen mit dem Niveau, das sie an sein würden, wenn es kein Fischen an allen gab. Das heißt, werden nur fünf Prozent Fische in einigen Fällen gelassen. In den praktischeren Bezeichnungen verfangen sich Fischer ein oder zwei Fische pro 100 Haken, verglichen mit 10 Fischen pro 100 Haken, in denen ein Vorrat gesund und unausgenutzt ist - ein Maß sustainability einmal verwendet durch die japanische Flotte. In England und im Wales landen wir einen Fisch für jede 20, die wir 1889 landeten, als Regierung Aufzeichnungen, trotz des Habens größeres anfingen, fängt Behälter, verfeinerte Technologie und Schleppnetz so beträchtliches und das all-Verbrauchen dieses sind sie zum Enthalten 12 Boeing 747 des Flugzeuges fähig.

Wohin sind alle jene anderen Fische gegangen? Kurz gesagt haben wir sie gegessen. „10 Tausenden des bluefin Thunfischs verwendeten, in der Nordsee verfangen zu werden jedes Jahr,“, sagt Callum Roberts, Professor der Marineerhaltung an der Universität von York. „Jetzt, gibt es keine. Sobald, es Millionen des Rochens gab - sehr großer allgemeiner Rochen, weißer Rochen, long-nosed Rochen -, der von den Meeren um Großbritannien gelandet wurde. Der allgemeine Rochen ist, der Engel Haifisch ist gegangen praktisch ausgestorben. Wir haben unser Marinemegafauna als Folge der Ausnutzung verloren. Vor

„dann es gibt die verheerenden Effekte der Unterseite schleppend um unsere Küsten, die mit dem Aufkommen des Dampfschleppnetzfischers 130 Jahren anfingen. „Rückwärts fegen und schickt über den Meeresgrund, sie entfernte einen vollständigen Teppich der wirbelloser Tiere,“ Professor Roberts sagt, „wie Korallen, Schwämme, Seeventilatoren und Meerespflanzen nach. Auf einem Diagramm datierend von 1883, gibt es einen sehr großen Bereich der Nordsees ungefähr die Größe von Wales, gekennzeichnete „Auster Betten“. Die letzten Austern wurden dort kommerziell in den dreißiger Jahren gefischt; die letzte Phasenauster wurde in den siebziger Jahren genommen. Wir haben das Marineklima in einer großartigen Weise geändert. „

Schlechtere Stille, nachdem sie unsere eigenen Meere abgestreift hat, entblössen, haben wir „exportiert, die Kapazität fischend in das Wasser der Entwicklungsländer“, warnt Professor Roberts. Weg weg Mauretanien, weg Senegal und von anderem fischen afrikanische Westländer, Flotten vom reichen industriellen Norden „in einer total unhaltbaren Weise mit minimaler Aufsicht durch europäische Länder“. In der Rückkehr für das Plündern der Ozeane, das lokale Leute Nahrung beraubt, und der artisanal Fischer ihres Lebensunterhalts, zahlen diese Behälter minimale Gebühren, daß verarmte Länder glücklich sind anzunehmen. „Es ist ein Bergbaubetrieb,“ Professor Roberts sagt, „eine Wiederholung der Ausnutzung der terrestrischen Fülle, die an den Kolonialtagen geschah. Dieses ist Kolonialismus in einer neuen Aufmachung, obwohl mit einem beachtlichen Mantel in Form von Zugang Vereinbarungen. „

So ist die menschliche einziehende Raserei, kann dort kommen eine Zeit, als es keine Fische gibt, nach links zum sich zu verfangen. 2006 warnte eine Studie in der US Journal Wissenschaft, daß jede einzelne Sorte, die wir ausnutzen, bis zum 2048 eingestürzt haben würde, wenn Bevölkerungen fortfuhren zu sinken, wie sie seit den fünfziger Jahren hatten. Bis zum 2003 fast hatte ein Third aller Sorte eingestürzt, die gefundene Studie - ihre Zahlen bedeutend, waren hinunter 90% oder mehr auf historischen maximalen Verriegelung Niveaus. Extrapolieren Sie das auf einem Diagramm und die abwärts Kurve Reichweiten 100% kurz vor 2050.

Daß die Prognose - jetzt diskutiert - auf einer vierjährlichen Studie der Fischbevölkerungen, der Verriegelung Aufzeichnungen und der Ozeanoekosysteme basierte. „Wir sehen wirklich das Ende der Linie jetzt,“, sagte die Autor Boris Endlosschraube der Dalhousie Universität in Halifax, Neuschottland, zu der Zeit. „Es ist in unserer Lebenszeit. Unsere Kinder sehen eine Welt ohne eßbare Meerestiere, wenn wir nicht Sachen ändern. „Viele stellten sich eine Welt vor, in der es kein Fischprotein geben würde nach links, zum abgesehen von Quallen und Marinealgen zu essen.

Was die Studie genug nicht klarstellte, war, daß Bevölkerungen einiger Fische zurück resultierend aus drastischen Maßnahmen durch die Behörden aufgeprallt hatten. In den Ländern wie Island, Norwegen, den Vereinigten Staaten, Neuseeland und Australien, ist Fischereimanagement durch Kontrollen verstärkt worden, die Fischenbemühung begrenzen (die Zahl Booten heraus dort, die Zeit, die sie am Meer und an den Bereichen verbringen, in denen ihnen erlaubt werden zu fischen). Eine andere Managementannäherung, besonders in Europa, ist, den Ausgang (die Menge der Fische gelandet) zulässige totalfangquoten verwendend oder TACs zu steuern. Diese sind entworfen, um die Lebendmasse eines Vorrates beizubehalten - das geschätzte Gewicht der Fische nach links im Meer nach Fischen und die natürlichen Tod werden in Betracht gezogen. Es sollte so niedrig fallen nie lassen werden, daß eine Sorte nicht imstande ist, ein gesundes Erzeugung das folgende Jahr zu laichen.

Ausgearbeitet durch Wissenschaftler und Organisationen wie gefriert (der internationale Rat für die Erforschung des Meeres), diese Quoten werden besprochen von den Fischereiministern und -fischern an den Foren wie dem EU. Beide haben rechtmäßige Interessen, ob politisch oder kommerziell. „Wenn Sie den Fuchs verantwortlich für das henhouse setzen,“ sagt Professor Roberts, „Entscheidungen basiert auf kurzfristigen Begrenzungen, wie Zahlen der Hypothek auf dem Boot. Politiker bilden auch Wahlen, die zu ihnen vorteilhaft sind oder ihre Bestandteile kurzfristig. „

Das heißt, reiten solche Versammlungen häufig roughshod über den Empfehlungen der Wissenschaftler - wie bei einer Sitzung von ICCAT (die internationale Kommission zu einer Erhaltung der atlantischen Thunfische) in Luxemburg 2007 geschehen, wo Quoten heraus für bluefin Thunfisch vom Mittelmeer geschlagen wurden. Wissenschaftler empfahlen eine jährliche Verriegelung von 15.000 Tonnen ein Jahr, mit einer Präferenz für 10.000 Tonnen - aber EU-Minister stimmten eine Quote von 29.000 Tonnen, genug zu, um dem Einsturz der Sorte zu garantieren. (Letztes Jahr, wurden Quoten für 2009 wieder weit höher eingestellt, als Wissenschaftler. rieten),

tatsächlich war die reale Menge von bluefin gelandet 61.000 Tonnen - viermal, welche Wissenschaftler sich empfohlen hatten - wegen des ungültigen und nicht berichteten Fischens. Letzter Monat, führte die Europäische Kommission ein zweijähriges Steuer- und Kontrolleprogramm für bluefin Thunfischfischereien in sieben Mittelmeerländern, zur Klemmplatte unten auf Sachen wie ungültigen Aufklärerflächen ein, die benutzt wurden, um Thunfischschulen unten aufzuspüren. Global ist Schwarzmarkt Fischen US$25bn (£17bn) ein Jahr wert. In Europa ist 50% des Kabeljaus, den wir essen, illegal verfangen worden.

Jene Abbildungen und das Luxemburg Durcheinander, werden im Ende der Linie - der Dokumentarfilm notiert, basiert auf Buch des Charles Klees dieses Namens, in den BRITISCHEN Kinos ab dem 8. Juni aussortiert zu werden. Jedoch ist die krasse Mißachtung für Wissenschaft, die sie schildert, nicht ein lokalisierter Kasten. „Wir haben die Beschlußfassung der europäischen Fischereiminister über den letzten 20 Jahren analysiert,“ sagt Professor Roberts, „und systematisch, Jahr auf Jahr, haben sie Quoten, die 25 bis 35% sind, die höher sind, als die Niveaus eingestellt, die von den Wissenschaftlern empfohlen werden. “

Wie können unsere Politiker mit ihm weg erhalten? „Es gibt keine Verpflichtung nach ihnen, wissenschaftlichen Rat zu befolgen,“ Professor Roberts erklärt. „Was sie erklären, sind Sie, daß es nur eins der Sachen ist, die sie betrachten müssen. Während sie den Lebensunterhalt eines Fischers in der Bezeichnung von ein oder zwei Jahren schützen konnten, garantiert kurzfristige Beschlußfassung wie die auf lagereinsturz. Es ist nicht eine Möglichkeit, es ist eine Sicherheit gerecht. Die einzige Ungewißheit ist, wie lang sie nimmt. „

Nach Ansicht des Professors Roberts: „Welche Politiker entscheiden sollten, ist, wie die Verriegelung innerhalb der unterschiedlichen Nationen zugeteilt wird. Die ist Politik. Was sie nicht entscheiden sollten, ist, wie groß die Verriegelung an erster Stelle sein sollte. Die ist Wissenschaft. „

In Norwegen und in den US, „respektieren sie den Rat der Wissenschaftler“, fügt er hinzu - das beste Beispiel, das Neu-England ist, in dem Vorräte an Grundfischen in der ernsten Abnahme in den Mid-1990s waren, aber erleuchtetes Management holte sie zurück. „An der Georges Bank, verursachten sie einen geschlossenen Bereich von 20.000 quadratischen Kilometern, der zur beweglichen Fischereiausrüstung [wie Schleppnetznetzen] gesperrt war,“ Professor Roberts erklären. Sie schnitten auch Fischenbemühung durch ein drakonisches 50% - Setzen vieler Fischer aus Geschäft heraus. In den letzten 10 Jahren jedoch hat es „eine großartige Wiederaufnahme“ der ökonomischen Schlüsselsorte gegeben, sagt Roberts. „Der Schellfisch hat zurück aufgeprallt, hat die Scholle zurück aufgeprallt, haben die Kammuscheln zurück aufgeprallt, also ist es eine große Erfolggeschichte gewesen. “

Was dieses zeigt, ist, daß, wo es politischen Willen gibt, die Gezeiten auf dem Overfishing gedreht werden können. In den US reauthorised ein Stück Gesetzgebung 1976, die die Magnuson-Stevens Fischerei-Erhaltung genannt wurde und Management, die Tat vor kurzem gewesen ist und erforderten die Industrie, das Overfishing in allem Bundeswasser bis zum 2011 zu beenden. Es gibt keine solche Gesetzgebung in Europa. Unter der vorhandenen Tat sind die Fischereien in Alaska und der Nordpazifik bereits gehandhabt wohles - das, warum wilder pazifischer Lachs-, pazifischer Kabeljau und Pollock von Alaska Hauptanwärter für Bescheinigung durch den MarineFührung-Rat (MSC) waren, die internationale nichtstaatliche Organisation ist, die einen Standard für stützbare Fischereien Ende der neunziger Jahre verursachte und ihn unterstützt. Warum ticken diese US Fischereien alle Kästen?

„Sie haben sehr progressives Management unter dem pazifischen Fischerei-Management-Nordrat,“ Professor Roberts sagt, „mit vorbeugenden Zielen - also gehen sie für einen verhältnismäßig niedrigen Bruch der Fischbevölkerung jedes Jahr. Sie haben das Schliessen, zum der Lebensräume und der bewerteten Sorte wie Steller Seelöwen und Seotter [die verfangen in Fischereiausrüstung erhalten können], plus umfangreiche Bereiche zu schützen, die geschlossen werden, um Tiefwasserkorallen vor Zerstörung zu schützen durch das untere Schleppen. „Die Behörden erlegen auch Quoten für bycatch - andere Sorte verfangen durch Fehler auf - um sie vor Ausnutzung zu schützen.

Diese sind die Arten der Ausgaben, welche die MSC betrachtet, wenn sie Fischereien bestätigt. Bis jetzt sind 43, einschließlich 10 in Großbritannien bestätigt worden, während mehr als 100 unter Einschätzung sind - aber was genau dieses Mittel tut? „Recht von Anfang an, war die Idee, daß Fischereien unabhängig von einer dritten Partei festgesetzt würden,“ sagt James Simpson, Kommunikationen Offizier an der MSC, „so, obgleich wir den Standard einstellten, wir durchführen nicht die Einschätzungen. Das ist wichtig, weil es bedeutet, daß wir keinen Einfluß über den Resultaten haben. „

Anstatt, erledigen Marinewissenschaftler von bestätigenden Körpern wie Nahrungsmittelbescheinigung-internationaler und schwermütiger Marine die Arbeit, forschen in jeden Aspekt von sustainability und lang produzieren einen Report bis zu 900 Seiten. „Sie betrachten auf lager die Niveaus, basiert auf historischen Aufzeichnungen,“ sagt Simpson, „am Auswirkung Fischen hat auf dem Klima und am Managementplan für die Fischerei. “

Eine Kerbe von 80 oder von mehr muß gegen jedes dieser drei Kriterien erzielt werden, damit eine Fischerei bestätigt werden kann.

Die Ausgangseinschätzung wird von den Mitwissenschaftlern Gleich-wiederholt, haben Verwahrer wie Klimagruppen ihr Sagen - und die Fischerei erhält, zu tragen eco-beschriften auf seinen Produkten. „Das tun, müssen Sie verfolgen die Fische vollständig die Versorgungsmaterial-Kette,“ sagen, Simpson, „, weil Sie keine nicht-zugelassene Sorte wünschen oder sich illegal die Fische verfingen, die in eine MSC Reihe gleiten. “

Die Wissenschaft rigoros sein, aber kann der MSC Aufkleber ändert die Welt?

Mit irgendeiner Sorte unterscheidet der Aufkleber grosses: 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet

Imagine um mundo sem Seafood para o Supper -- É mais próximo do que você pensa
Automatically translated into Portuguese thanks to WorldLingo
Por Andrew Purvis, o observador Reino Unido:


Enquanto eu piso fora do trem em Heysel, a estrutura vasta do deco de arte do Palais du Centenaire levanta-se como uma catedral. Com seus quatro contrafortes soaring cobriu por estátuas, os formulários de Palais o centrepiece das exposições do DES de Parc em Bruxelas, Bélgica - um complexo negocí-justo construído nos 1930s para comemorar um século da independência dos Países Baixos. Este é o repouso provisório dos milhares de produtos de peixes em torno do mundo porque 23.000 delegados descem de 80 países para a exposição européia anual do Seafood - a mostra de comércio do seafood o maior do mundo e um lembrete grim do dominion do homem sobre os oceanos.

“Se eu quis povos compreender a crise global da pesca, eu trá-los-ia aqui,” diz Sally Bailey, um oficial marinho do programa com o fundo worldwide para a natureza, um dos NGOs mais moderados que combatem a exploração dos mares. O ano passado, um dos grupos mais militant - Greenpeace - “pena próxima controlada” cinco expositores que negocíam no atum crìticamente posto em perigo do bluefin, desdobrando 80 activistas para drapejar seus carrinhos em redes pescando, acorrenta-se aos dispositivos elétricos e põe-se acima as bandeiras que lêem: “Tempo e o atum estão funcionando para fora”.

Seu alvo principal era o Mitsubishi Corporaçõ, fabricante de carro japonês que é também o comerciante o maior do atum do mundo, controlando 60% do mercado e esclarecendo 40% de todo o atum do bluefin importado em Japão do Mediterranean. As outras companhias eram indústrias de Dongwon (Coreia), fuzileiro naval da lua (Formosa Singapore), Fisheries de Azzopardi (Malta) e Ricardo Fuentes & filhos (Spain).

O dia eu estou lá, as activistas de Greenpeace stalking ministros dos fisheries do EU e estão esperando uma possibilidade unfurl suas bandeiras - mas os protetores de segurança thwart as. Entretanto, o prendedor gargantuan na exposição fala para se. No carrinho funcione pelo Mar Riqueza Frozen Alimento Companhia de Tailândia, as prateleiras estão gemendo com os pacotes jauntily projetados de calamar frozen, de dumplings do surimi (peixe minced), de rolos da mola, de samosas e de cones deep-fried com as caudas do shrimp que picam fora delas. No corredor seguinte, um chef frenetic wok-está fritando camarões grandes de Madagascar, mergulhando os em poucos pratos quadrados do cominhos, do coriander, do pó de pimentões, do sal, da canela e do garlic. No Pavilion de Formosa, os armários estão cheios do tilapia, do barramundi, de sushi, da enguia e de blocos de vácuo chilled e congelados do tobiko - roe alaranjado dos vôo-peixes, salty, crunchy como o granola e servido por uma mulher nova no vestido nacional que literalmente não se ouviu do sustainability. “Todos os barcos para fora estão travando lá peixes com roe,” ela dizem-me. “Com o assim muitos após a mesma espécie, esta é um negócio muito difícil para nós. ”

Estes salões fazem exame de diversas horas para negociar, e os carrinhos vão seemingly sobre para sempre - 1.650 negócios em tudo, junto peddling a maioria das toneladas de 147m do seafood produzidas global cada ano. Desta, as toneladas de 100m estão travadas no selvagem quando o descanso for cultivado para satisfer a uma demanda insatiable. Já, os povos 1.2bn dependem dos peixes em sua dieta - e em Europa nós cada um consumimos 20kg por o ano na média, comparada a 5kg por a pessoa em India. Entretanto, porque as classes médias emergent em Ásia desenvolvem um gosto, e um orçamento, porque seafood - considerou um artigo luxuoso até que agora - a demanda subiu rapidamente mais mais.

O que os organizers devem saber, mas manter o mum aproximadamente, é que os oceanos estão em um estado parlous. A organização de alimento e de agricultura Dos UN estima que 70% dos fisheries do mundo estão explorados agora inteiramente (IE, pescado ao ponto onde podem somente apenas se reabastecer), overexploited ou esgotou-o. A maioria de populações dos peixes foi reduzida por 70-95%, dependendo da espécie, comparada ao nível que estariam em se não houvesse nenhuma pesca em tudo. Ou seja somente cinco por cento dos peixes são deixados em alguns casos. Em uns termos mais práticos, os pescadores estão travando um ou dois peixes por 100 ganchos, comparados a 10 peixes por 100 ganchos onde um estoque é saudável e unexploited - uma medida do sustainability usada uma vez pela frota japonesa. Em Inglaterra e em Wales, nós estamos aterrando um peixe para cada 20 que nós aterramos em 1889, quando os registros do governo começaram, apesar de ter maior as embarcações, a tecnologia mais sofisticada e o trawl obtêm um lucro líquido de assim vasto e todo-consumir esse são capazes de conter 12 o avião de Boeing 747.

Aonde todos aqueles peixes restantes foram? No short, nós comemo-los. Os “dez dos milhares do atum do bluefin usaram-se ser travados no mar norte cada ano,” diz Callum Roberts, professor do conservation marinho na universidade de York. “Agora, não há nenhuns. Uma vez que, havia uns milhões do patim - patim comum enorme, patim branco, patim long-nosed - sendo aterrado dos mares em torno do Reino Unido. O patim comum é virtualmente extinct, o tubarão de anjo foi. Nós perdemos nosso megafauna marinho em consequência da exploração. “

Então há os efeitos devastating do fundo que trawling em torno de nossas costas, que começaram com o advent da traineira do vapor 130 anos há. “Varrer para trás e envía através do seabed, eles removeu um tapete inteiro dos invertebrados,” o professor Roberts diz, “como corais, esponjas, ventiladores do mar e seaweeds. Em um mapa, datando de 1883, há uma área enorme do mar norte aproximadamente o tamanho do Wales, da “camas marcadas ostra”. As últimas ostras foram pescadas lá comercialmente nos 1930s; a última ostra viva foi feita exame nos 1970s. Nós alteramos o ambiente marinho em uma maneira espectacular. “

Um destilador mais mau, após ter descascado nossos próprios mares descobre, nós “exportamos pescando a capacidade para as águas de países tornando-se”, o professor Roberts adverte. Fora de Mauritânia, de Senegal e de outro os países africanos ocidentais, frotas do norte industrial rico “estão pescando em uma maneira totalmente unsustainable com oversight mínimo por países europeus”. No retorno para pilhar os oceanos, que priva povos locais do alimento, e pescadores do artisanal de seus meios de subsistência, estas embarcações pagam taxas mínimas que os países impoverished são felizes aceitar. “É uma operação de mineração,” o professor Roberts diz, “um rerun da exploração da riqueza terrestrial que aconteceu em dias coloniais. Este é colonialism em um guise novo, albeit com um casaco respeitável no formulário de acordos do acesso. “

Tal é o frenzy de alimentação humano, lá pode vir uma época em que não houver nenhum peixe à esquerda a travar. Em 2006, um estudo na ciência do jornal dos E.U. advertiu que cada única espécie que nós exploramos desmoronaria por 2048 se as populações continuassem a declinar como tiveram desde os 1950s. Por 2003, um third de toda a espécie tinha desmoronado quase, o estudo encontrado - significando seus números eram abaixo 90% ou mais em níveis máximos historic do prendedor. Extrapolate isso em um gráfico, e os alcances descendentes 100% da curva imediatamente antes de 2050.

Que o prognosis - disputado agora - estêve baseado em um estudo four-year de populações dos peixes, de registros do prendedor e de ecosystems do oceano. “Nós vemos realmente a extremidade da linha agora,” disse o sem-fim de Boris do autor da universidade de Dalhousie em Halifax, Nova Escócia, naquele tempo. “Estará em nossa vida. Nossas crianças verão um mundo sem seafood, se nós não mudarmos coisas. “Muitos imaginaram um mundo onde não houvesse nenhuma proteína de peixes à esquerda a comer aparte das medusas e das algas marinhas.

O que o estudo não fêz suficientemente desobstruído era que as populações de alguns peixes tinham saltado para trás em conseqüência das medidas drásticas pelas autoridades. Nos países tais como Islândia, Noruega, os Estados Unidos, Nova Zelândia e Austrália, a gerência dos fisheries strengthened pelos controles que limitam o esforço da pesca (o número dos barcos para fora lá, o tempo onde gasta no mar e nas áreas onde é permitida pescar). Uma outra aproximação da gerência, especialmente em Europa, é controlar a saída (a quantidade de peixes aterrados) que usam quotas de prendedor permissíveis totais, ou o TACs. Estes são projetados manter o biomass de um estoque - o peso estimado dos peixes à esquerda no mar após a pesca e as mortes naturais são feitos exame no cliente. Deve-se nunca permitir cair assim baixo que uma espécie é incapaz de spawn uma geração saudável o seguinte ano.

Redigido por cientistas e por organizações como congela (o conselho internacional para a exploração do mar), estes quotas são discutidos por ministros e por pescadores dos fisheries em forums tais como o EU. Ambos investiram interesses, se político ou comercial. “Se você põe a raposa na carga do henhouse,” o professor Roberts diz, “decisões estará baseado em confinamentes a curto prazo, tais como pagar o mortgage no barco. Os políticos, demasiado, fazem as escolhas que são benéficas a elas ou os seus constituents no a curto prazo. “

Ou seja tais recolhimentos montam frequentemente roughshod sobre as recomendações dos cientistas - como acontecido em uma reunião de ICCAT (o Commission internacional para o Conservation de atuns Atlantic) em Luxembourg em 2007, onde os quotas eram debulhados para fora para o atum do bluefin do Mediterranean. Os cientistas recomendaram um prendedor anual de 15.000 toneladas um o ano, com uma preferência para 10.000 toneladas - mas os ministros do EU concordaram um quota de 29.000 toneladas, bastantes garantir o colapso da espécie. (O ano passado, os quotas para 2009 foram ajustados outra vez distante mais elevados do que os cientistas estavam recomendando.)

no fato, a quantidade real de bluefin aterrada tinha 61.000 toneladas - quatro vezes que cientistas tinham recomendado - devido à pesca ilegal e unreported. Último mês, o Commission europeu executou um programa two-year do controle e da inspeção para fisheries do atum do bluefin em sete países Mediterranean, à braçadeira para baixo em coisas tais como os planos ilegais do observador usados seguir para baixo escolas do atum. Global, a pesca do preto-mercado vale a pena US$25bn (£17bn) um ano. Em Europa, 50% do bacalhau que nós comemos foi travado ilegal.

Aquelas figuras, e o debacle de Luxembourg, são gravados na extremidade da linha - o documentary, baseada no livro do trevo de Charles desse nome, para ser selecionado em cinemas BRITÂNICOS de 8 junho. Entretanto, a negligência blatant para a ciência que portrays não é uma caixa isolada. “Nós analisamos a tomada de decisão de ministros europeus dos fisheries sobre os 20 anos passados,” diz o professor Roberts, “e sistematicamente, ano no ano, ajustaram os quotas que são 25 a 35% mais elevados do que os níveis recomendados por cientistas. ”

Como podem nossos políticos começar afastado com ele? “Não há nenhuma obrigação em cima deles fazer exame do conselho científico,” professor Roberts explica. “O que dirão você é que é somente uma das coisas que têm que considerar. Quando puderam proteger meios de subsistência de um pescador no termo de um ou dois anos, a tomada de decisão a curto prazo como aquela garante o colapso conservado em estoque. Não é justo uma possibilidade, ele é uma certeza. A única incerteza é quanto tempo fará exame. “

De acordo com o professor Roberts: “Que políticos devem se decidir é como o prendedor é alocado dentro das nações diferentes. Aquela é política. O que não deve decidir é como grande o prendedor deve estar no primeiro lugar. Aquela é ciência. “

Em Noruega e nos E.U., “respeitam o conselho dos cientistas”, adiciona - o mais melhor exemplo que é Nova Inglaterra, onde o estoque dos peixes à terra estava no declínio sério nos mid-1990s, mas gerência enlightened trouxe-os para trás. “No banco de Georges, criaram uma área closed de 20.000 quilômetros quadrados que fosse de zona proibida à engrenagem pescando móvel [tal como redes do trawl],” professor Roberts explicam. Cortaram também o esforço da pesca por um 50% draconian - pôr muitos pescadores fora do negócio. Nos 10 anos passados, entretanto, houve “uma recuperação espectacular” da espécie econômica chave, Roberts diz. “O haddock saltou para trás, a solha saltou para trás, os scallops saltaram para trás, assim que foi uma história grande do sucesso. ”

O que isto demonstra é que, onde há uma vontade política, a maré pode ser girada em overfishing. Nos E.U., uma parte da legislação 1976 chamada o Conservation do Fishery de Magnuson-Stevens e a gerência que o ato tem sido recentemente reauthorised, requerendo a indústria terminar overfishing em todas as águas federais por 2011. Não há nenhuma tal legislação em Europa. Sob o ato existente, os fisheries em Alaska e o Pacífico norte são já bons controlados - que é porque o bacalhau pacífico e o pollock salmon, pacíficos selvagens de Alaska eram candidatos principais para a certificação pelo conselho marinho do Stewardship (CAM), o NGO internacional que criou um padrão para fisheries sustainable nos 1990s atrasados e upholds o. Por que estes fisheries dos E.U. tiquetaqueiam todas as caixas?

“Têm a gerência muito progressiva sob o conselho pacífico norte da gerência do Fishery,” o professor Roberts diz, “com alvos precautionary - assim que vão para uma fração relativamente baixa da população dos peixes todos os anos. Têm os fechamentos para proteger habitats e a espécie avaliada tal como os leões de mar de Steller e as lontras do mar [que podem começar travados na engrenagem pescando] mais as áreas extensivas que são fechadas para proteger os corais deep-water da destruição trawling inferior. “As autoridades impõem também quotas para o bycatch - a outra espécie travada pelo erro - para protegê-los da exploração.

Estes são os tipos das edições que o CAM está olhando ao certificar fisheries. Assim distante, 43 estiveram certificados, including 10 em Grâ Bretanha, quando mais de 100 estiverem sob a avaliação - mas o que faz exatamente esse meio? “Direito do começo, a idéia era que os fisheries estariam avaliados independentemente por um terceiro partido,” diz James Simpson, oficial das comunicações no CAM, “assim embora nós ajustássemos o padrão, nós não realiza as avaliações. Isso é importante, porque significa que nós não temos nenhuma influência sobre os resultados. “

Preferivelmente, os cientistas marinhos dos corpos certificando tais como o fuzileiro naval internacional e Moody da certificação do alimento fazem o trabalho, delving em cada aspecto do sustainability e produzindo um relatório até 900 páginas por muito tempo. “Olham conservado em estoque nível, baseado em registros históricos,” diz Simpson, “na pesca do impacto está tendo no ambiente e na planta da gerência para o fishery. ”

Uma contagem de 80 ou do mais deve ser conseguida de encontro a cada um destes três critérios para que um fishery seja certificado.

A avaliação inicial par-é revista por cientistas do companheiro, as partes interessadas tais como grupos ambientais têm sua palavra - e o fishery começa carregar eco-etiqueta em seus produtos. “Para fazer isso, você tem que segue os peixes por completo a corrente de fonte,” diz Simpson, “porque você não quer nenhuma espécie non-certificada nem não travou ilegal os peixes que deslizam em um grupo do CAM. ”

A ciência pode ser rigorous, mas a etiqueta do CAM mudará o mundo?

Com alguma espécie, a etiqueta está fazendo uma diferença grande: 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet

Föreställ en värld utan skaldjuret för kvällsmål -- Den är mer nearer än dig funderare
Automatically translated into Swedish thanks to WorldLingo
Vid Andrew Purvis, observatören UK:


Som jag kliver av drevet på Heysel, strukturerar den vast art déco av den Palais du Centenaire löneförhöjningnågot liknande en domkyrka. Med dess fyra soaring stöd som överträffas av statyer, bildar Palaisen, bordsuppsatsen av de Parc des-utläggningarna i Bryssel, Belgien - ettmässa komplex som byggs i 30-tal för att fira minnet av ett århundrade av självständighet från Nederländerna. Detta är det tillfälliga hemmet av tusentals fiskprodukter från runt om världen, som 23.000 delegater stiger ned från 80 länder för den havs- utläggningen för den årliga europén - världens den största havs- handelshowen och en grym påminnelse av man herravälde över haven.

”Om jag önskade att folket ska förstå den globala fiskekrisen, skulle jag kommer med dem här,” den något att sägaSally borggården, ett marin- program kommenderar med den världsomspännande fonden för natur, en av mer dämpanGOsna som combating exploateringen av haven. I fjol besegrar en av de mer militant grupperna - Greenpeace - som klaras av till ”slutet,” fem utställare som handlar i kritiskt utsatt för fara bluefintonfisk, genom att utplacera 80 aktivister för att drapera deras stativ i fisknät, kedjar sig till fast tillbehör och satte upp baner som läser: ”Är Time och tonfisk rinnande ut”.

Deras huvudsakligt uppsätta som mål var Mitsubishien Korporation, den japanska bilproducenten som är också världens den största tonfiskaffärsmannen som kontrollerar 60% av marknadsföra och allra redogör för 40% bluefintonfisk som importeras in i Japan från det medelhavs-. De andra företagen var Dongwon branscher (Korea), Moonflottan (Taiwan/Singapore), Azzopardi fiskerier (Malta) och Ricardo Fuentes & Sons (Spanien).

Förmiddagen för dag I där, Greenpeace aktivister förföljer EGfiskeriminister   och väntar en riskera för att veckla ut deras baner - men ordningsvakterna förhindrar dem. Emellertid fångar de gargantuan på skärm talar för honom. På stativ som körs av Havet Rikedom Frysa Mat Företag av Thailand, bordlägger är stönande med jauntily planlagda paket av den djupfryst tioarmad bläckfisk, klimpar för surimi (finhackad fisk), fjädrar rullar, samosas och deep-fried kottar med räkasvanar som petar ut ur dem. I den nästa gången woka-steker en frenetisk kock räkor från Madagascar som doppar dem in kvadrerar lite, disk av spiskumminen, koriander, chili pudrar, salt, kanelen och vitlök. På den Taiwan paviljongen är dammsuger skåpen fulla av den kylde och fryste tilapiaen, barramundien, sushien, ål och packar av tobiko - som är orange, flyg-fiska fiskromen som är salt som är crunchy som granola och som är betjänad av en ung kvinna i medborgareklänningen som formligen inte har hört av sustainability. ”Fångar alla fartyg ut där fisken med fiskrom,” henne berättar mig. ”Med så många efter den samma arten, detta är en mycket svår affär för oss. ”

Tar dessa korridorer flera timmar för att förhandla, och stativen går seemingly på för evigt - 1.650 affärer sammanlagt och tillsammans att langa mest av de 147m tonnesna av skaldjur som globalt produceras varje år. Av denna fångas 100m tonnes i de wild stunderna som vila brukas för att tillfredsställa en omättlig begäran. Redan beror folket 1.2bn på fisk i deras bantar - och i Europa konsumerar vi varje 20kg per år i genomsnitt, jämfört till 5kg per person i Indien. Emellertid, som de emergent medelklasserna i Asien framkallar en smak, och en budget, för den ansedda skaldjuret - ett lyxigt objekt tills nu - begäran ska raket vidare.

Vad organisatörerna måste veta, men hålla mumen omkring, är att haven är i ett parlous påstår. Un'snas bedömningarna för mat- och jordbrukorganisationen, att 70% av världens fiskerier nu exploateras fullständigt (ie som fiskas till peka var de kan endast precis fylla sig på), overexploited eller tömde ut. Majoriteten av fisken som befolkningar har förminskats av 70-95%, beroende av arten som jämförs till det jämnt dem, skulle är på, om det inte fanns något fiske alls. Med andra ord lämnas endast fem procent av fisken i vissa fall. I mer praktisk benämner, fångar fiskare en, eller fisk två per 100 hakar, jämfört till fisk 10 per 100 hakar, var en lagerföra är sund och unexploited - en mäta av sustainabilityen som används en gång av den japanska flottan. I England och Wales är vi fisken för landning en för varje 20 som vi landade i 1889, då regerings- rekord började, illviljan som har större skyttlar, förtjänar mer sofistikerad teknologi och trawlen så vast, och all-att konsumera som är det är de, kapabla av att innehålla 12 Boeing 747 flygplan.

Var ha alla de annan fisk väck? I kort stavelse har vi ätit dem. ”Tiotusentals fångas van vid bluefintonfisk i norrhavet varje år,” något att säga Callum Roberts, professor av marin- beskydd på universitetar av York. ”Nu, finns det inga. När det fanns miljoner av skridskon - den enorma allmänningskridskon, vitskridskon, long-nosed skridsko - som landades från hav runt om UKEN. Allmänningskridskon är faktiskt slocknad, ängelhajen har väck. Vi har borttappadt vår marin- megafauna som en följd av exploatering. ”

Därefter finns det skövla verkställer av botten som trawling runt om vårt, seglar utmed kusten, som började med adventen av ångatrawleren 130 år sedan. ”Sopa tillbaka och framlänges över seabeden, tog de bort en helhet mattar av invertebrates,” professorRoberts något att säga, ”liksom koraller, snyltar, fläktar havet och seaweeds. På en kartlägga och att datera från 1883, finns det ett enormt område av norrhavet ungefärligt storleksanpassa av Wales, markerade ”ostronsängar. De sist ostronerna fiskades där kommersiellt i 30-tal; den levande ostronen för jumbon togs i 70-tal. Vi har förändrat den marin- miljön i en imponerande föreställning långt. ”

Den värre stillbilden, efter avklädning som våra egna hav gör bar, har vi ”exporterat fiska kapacitet till bevattnar av ett u-land”, varnar professorn Roberts. Av Mauretanien, Senegal och andra västra afrikanska länder fiskar flottor från den rika industriella norden ”i ett totalt ohållbart långt med minsta förbiseende vid Europé länder”. I retur för att plundra haven, som berövar lokalfolk av mat, och artisanalfiskare av deras livelihood, betalar dessa skyttlar minsta avgifter som utarmade länder är lyckliga att acceptera. ”Är det en bryta funktion,” professorRoberts något att säga, ”en repris av exploateringen av terrestrial rikedom som händde i koloniala dagar. Denna är kolonialism i en ny klädsel, albeit med en respektabel kappa i form av ta fram överenskommelser. ”

Sådan är den matning frenesin för människan, där kan komma en tid, då det inte finns någon fisk som lämnas för att fånga. I 2006 förar journal över en studie i USEN vetenskap varnade att arten för varje singel som vi exploaterar skulle har kollapsat vid 2048 om befolkningar som fortsättas för att gå ned, som de hade efter 50-tal. Vid 2003, nästan hade arten för en third allra kollapsat, den fann studien - det menande deras numrerar var besegrar 90% eller mer på historiskt maximum fångar jämnar. Extrapolera det på en graf, och de nedåtriktade buktar räckvidder 100% precis för 2050.

Att prognosen - som grälades nu - baserades på en four-year studie av fiskbefolkningar, fångar rekord och havekosystem. ”Ser vi egentligen avsluta av fodra nu,”, sade att författare Boris avmaskar av den Dalhousie universitetar i Halifax, novaen Scotia, på tiden. ”Ska det är i vår livstid. Våra ska barn ser en värld utan skaldjur, om vi inte ändrar saker. ”Föreställde många en värld, var där skulle, är inget fiskprotein som lämnades för att äta frånsett manet- och flottaalger.

Vad studien inte gjorde tillräckligt fri, var att några fiskbefolkningar hade studsat tillbaka som ett resultat av kraftåtgärder av myndigheterna. I länder liksom Island, Norge, Förenta staterna, nyazeeländskt och Australien, fiskeriledning har förstärkts by kontrollerar som begränsar fiskeansträngning (numrera av fartyg ut där, tiden som de spenderar på havet och områdena, var de är tillåtna att fiska). En annan ledning att närma sig, speciellt i Europa, är att kontrollera tillverkat (det landade beloppet av fisk) genom att använda sammanlagt tillåtet fångar kvoter eller TACs. Dessa planläggs för att underhålla ett materiels biomassa - beräknade väger av fisken som lämnas i havet efter fiske, och naturliga dödar tas in i konto. Det bör aldrig vara tillåtet till nedgången så low att arten är oförmögen att spawn en sund utveckling efter året.

Dragit upp av forskare och organisationar liksom is (landskamprådet för utforskningen av havet), diskuteras dessa kvoter av fiskeriminister   och fiskare på fora liksom EG. Båda har vested intresserar, huruvida politiskt eller reklamfilmen. ”Om du sätter räven i laddningen av henhousen,” baseras professorRoberts något att säga, ”ska beslut på kortfristiga tvång, liksom att betala inteckna på fartyget. Politikar, gör för val, som är välgörande till dem, eller deras konstituent kortsiktigt. ”

Med andra ord, sådan för sammankomster som ritt ofta är roughshod över forskare rekommendationer - som händda på ett möte av ICCAT (landskampkommissionen för beskydd av atlantiska tonfiskar) i Luxembourg i 2007, var kvoter besegrades ut för bluefintonfisk från det medelhavs-. Forskare rekommenderade en ettårig växt fångar av 15.000 tonnes om året, med en preferens för 10.000 tonnes - men EGminister   överens en kvot av 29.000 tonnes, nog för att garantera kollapsen av arten. (I fjol, kvoter för 2009 var igen den långt högre uppsättningen, än forskare rådte.),

i faktum, var det landade verkliga beloppet av bluefin 61.000 tonnes - fyra tider vilka forskare hade rekommenderat - tack vare olagligt och unreported fiske. Den sist månaden genomförde Europeiska kommissionen ett two-year kontrollerar, och kontroll programmerar för bluefintonfiskfiskerier i sju medelhavs- länder, för att klämma fast besegrar på saker liksom olaglig spotter hyvlar van vid spårar besegrar tonfisk skolar. Svärta-marknadsföra fiske är värd US$25bn (£17bn) ett år, globalt. I Europa har 50% av torsken som vi äter, fångats olagligt.

De figurerar, och den Luxembourg debaclen, antecknas slutligen av fodra - dokumentären som baseras på Charles växt av släkten Trifolium, bokar av det känt, för att avskärmas i UK bior från 8 Juni. Emellertid är det påfallande ignorerandet för vetenskap som det beskriver, inte ett isolerat fall. ”Har vi analyserat beslutsfattandet av européfiskeriminister   över förflutnan 20 år,” något att sägaprofessorn Roberts, ”, och systematiskt, året på år, har de fastställda kvoter, som är högre 25 till 35%, än jämnar rekommenderat av forskare. ”

Hur kan våra politikar få bort med det? ”Finns det något åtagande på dem att ta vetenskaplig rådgivning,” professorn som Roberts förklarar. ”Vad de ska berätta dig att är att den är endast en av saker som de måste att betrakta. Stunder som de kan, skyddar en fiskare livelihood i benämna av en eller två år, den kortfristiga beslutsfattandenågot liknande som garantier lagerför kollaps. Det är inte rättvist en möjlighet, det är en säkerhet. Den enda osäkerheten är hur långt den ska taken. ”

Enligt professorn Roberts: ”Vilka politikar bör avgöra är hur fånga tilldelas inom olika nationer. Det är politik. Vad de inte bör avgöra, är hur stort fånga bör vara i första förlägger. Det är vetenskap. ”

I Norge och USEN, ”tillfogar de respekt rådgivningen av forskare”, honom - bäst exemplet som det är nya England, var lagerför av slipad fisk, var i allvarlig nedgång i midna-1990s, men upplyst ledning kom med dem baksida. ”På Georges packa ihop, dem skapade ett stängt område av 20.000 kvadrerar kilometer som var off-limits till mobilt fiske utrustar [liksom trawlen förtjänar],” professorn som, Roberts förklarar. De klippte också fiskeansträngning vid en draconian 50% - att sätta många fiskare ut ur affär. I förflutnan 10 år, emellertid, har det finnas ”en spektakulär återställning” av nyckel- ekonomisk art, Roberts något att säga. ”Har koljan studsat tillbaka, har flundran studsat tillbaka, har kammusslorna studsat tillbaka, så det har varit en stor framgångssaga. ”

Vad detta visar är att, var det finns politiskt ska, tiden kan vändas på overfishing. I USEN agerar har en lappa av lagstiftning som 1976 kallas det Magnuson-Stevens fiskeribeskydd och ledning, för en tid sedan varit reauthorised och att kräva branschen att avsluta overfishing sammanlagt federalt bevattnar vid 2011. Det finns inte någon sådan lagstiftning i Europa. Under det existerande agera, är klarade av fiskerier i Alaska och det norr Stillahavs- redan väl - som är, varför den wild Stillahavs- laxen, Stillahavs- torsk och lyrtorsken från Alaska var främsta kandidater för attestering av det marin- Stewardshiprådet (MSC), landskampNGOEN, som skapade ett standart för hållbara fiskerier i den sena 90-tal och försvarar det. Why tickar dessa US-fiskerier alla boxas?

”Har de mycket progressiv ledning under det norr Stillahavs- fiskeriledningrådet,” professorRoberts något att säga, ”med försiktighets- uppsätta som mål - så de går för ett förhållandevis lågt del av fiskbefolkningen varje år. De har stängningar som skyddar livsmiljöer och värderad art liksom positiva omfattande områden för Steller sjölejon och för havsuttrar [som kan få fångade i fiske utrustar], som stängs för att skydda deep-water koraller från förstörelse av nedersta trawling. ”Lägger på myndigheterna också kvoter för bycatch - annan art som by fångas, missförstå - för att skydda dem från exploatering.

Dessa är sorterna av utfärdar MSCEN ser, när de intygar fiskerier. Så långt, har 43 varit auktoriserad revisor, däribland 10 i Britannien, stunder mer, än 100 är under bedömning - men vad gör exakt det medel? ”Högert från början, var idén att fiskerier skulle bedömas självständigt av en tredje part,” något att säga James Simpson, kommunikationer kommenderar på MSCEN, ”så, även om vi uppsättningen det standart, oss inte bär ut bedömningarna. Det är viktig, därför att den hjälpmedel oss inte har någon påverkan över resultaten. ”

I stället, förkroppsligar marin- forskare från att intyga liksom matattesteringslandskamp, och den lynniga flottan gör arbetet som forskar in i varje aspekt av sustainabilityen och upp till producerar en rapport 900 sidor long. ”Ser de lagerför jämnar, baserade på historiska rekord,” något att säga Simpson, ”på få effektfisket har på miljön, och på ledningen planera för fiskerin. ”

Måste en ställning av 80 eller mer uppnås mot varje av dessa tre kriterier för att en fiskeri ska vara auktoriserad revisor.

Den initiala bedömningen plira-granskas av med- forskare, har stakeholders liksom miljö- grupper deras något att säga - och fiskerin får bära eco-märker på dess produkter. ”Att göra det, måste du spårar fisken hela vägen till och med tillförselen kedjar,” något att säga Simpson, ”, därför att du inte önskar någon non-auktoriserad revisor art, eller den olagligt fångade fisken som halkar in i en MSC, grupperar. ”

Kan ska vetenskapen vara rigorös, men MSC-etikettändringen världen?

Med någon art är etiketten danande per stor skillnad: 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet

Представьте мир без Seafood для ужина -- Он более близок чем вы думаете
Automatically translated into Russian thanks to WorldLingo
Андрюом Purvis, наблюдатель Великобритания:


По мере того как я шагаю с поезда на Heysel, более обширная структура deco искусствоа Palais du Centenaire поднимает как собор. С своими 4 витая подстенками покрыл статуями, формами Palais centrepiece Expositions des Parc в Brussels, Бельгии - торговать-справедливом комплексе построенном в 1930s для того чтобы commemorate столетие независимости от Нидерланды. Это будет временно дом тысяч рыбных продуктов from around the world по мере того как 23.000 уполномоченных представителей спускают от 80 стран для однолетнего европейского Exposition Seafood - торговой выставки самого большого seafood мира и grim памятки владычества человека над океанами.

«Если я хотел людей понять глобальный кризис рыболовства, то я принес бы их здесь,» говорит Салли Bailey, морской офицер программы с всемирным фондом для природы, одного из более вмеру NGOs сражая эксплуатирование морей. В прошлом году, одна из более militant групп - Greenpeace - управляемый «близкий спуск» 5 экспонентов торгуя в критически угрожаемой туне bluefin, путем раскрывать 80 актуариев для того чтобы задрапировать их стойки в удя сетях, приковывает к приспособлениям и положило вверх знамена которые читают: «Время и туна бегут вне».

Их главным образом целью было Mitsubishi Корпорация, японское изготовление автомобиля которое будет также торговцем туны мира самым большим, контролируя 60% из рынка и определяя 40% из всей туны bluefin импортированной в японию от среднеземноморского. Другими компаниями было индустриями Dongwon (Кореей), морским пехотинцом луны (Taiwan/Singapore), рыбозаводами Azzopardi (Malta) и Рикардо Fuentes & сынками (Испанией).

День я там, актуарии Greenpeace stalking министры рыбозаводов EU и ждут шанс unfurl их знамена - но охранники thwart они. Однако, gargantuan зацеплять индикация говорит для себя. На стойке побегите Морем Богатством Замороженныем продукты Food Компанией Таиланда, полки кряхтейте с jauntily конструированными пакетами замороженного кальмара, вареников surimi (minced рыбы), кренов весны, samosas и deep-fried конусов при кабели шримса засовывая из их. В следующем междурядье, frenetic шеф-повар wok-жарит prawns от Мадагаскара, окуная их в меньших квадратных тарелках тимона, кориандра, порошка chilli, соли, циннамона и чеснока. На Taiwan Pavilion, шкафы полны охлаженных и, котор замерзанных tilapia, barramundi, sushi, eel и пакетов вакуума tobiko - померанцовой козули летани-рыб, salty, crunchy как granola и после того как я послужены молодой женщиной в национальном платье которое буквальн hear of sustainability. «Все шлюпки вне там улавливают рыб с козулями,» она говорят мне. «С настолько много после такого же вида, этого очень трудное дело для нас. »

Эти залы принимают несколько часов для того чтобы обсудить, и стойки seemingly идут дальше forever - 1.650 дел в всех, совместно peddling большая часть из тонн 147m seafood произведенных гловально каждый год. этого, тонны 100m уловлены в одичалом пока остальные ы для того чтобы удовлетворять ненасытное требование. Уже, люди 1.2bn зависят на рыбах в их диетпитании - и в Europe мы каждое уничтожаем 20kg в год на среднем, сравненном к 5kg per person в Индии. Однако, по мере того как эмерджентные средние классы в Азии начинают вкус, и бюджетя, потому что seafood - рассмотрел предмет роскоши until now - требование выпустит ракету более далее.

Устроители должны знать, только держать мумию около, что океаны находятся в parlous положении. Организация еды и земледелия ООН оценивает что 70% из рыбозаводов мира теперь полно эксплуатированы (ie, ый к пункту где они могут только как раз пополнить), overexploited или истощила. Большинство населенностей рыб было уменьшено 70-95%, в зависимости от вида, сравненного к уровню, котор они был бы на если не было рыболовства на всех. In other words, только оставляют 5 процентов рыб in some cases. В более практически термины, fishermen улавливают один или два миллиона рыбы в 100 крюков, сравненных до 10 рыб в 100 крюков где шток здоров и неэксплуатируем - измерение sustainability раз используемое японским флотом. В Англию и вэльс, мы приземляемся одна рыба для каждые 20 которое мы приземлились в 1889, когда показатели правительства начали, несмотря на иметь большой сосуды, совершенная технология и трал ловят сетью настолько более обширное и вс-уничтожать тот они способны содержать 12 самолет Boeing 747.

Куда все те другие рыбы шли? Вкратце, мы ели их. «10 тысяч туны bluefin использовали быть уловленным в северном море каждый год,» говорит Callum Roberts, профессора морской консервации на университете York. «Теперь, никакие. Как только, были миллионы конька - огромного общего конька, белого конька, long-nosed конька - будучи приземлянным от морей вокруг Великобритании. Общий кек фактически потухш, акула ангела шел. Мы теряли наше морское megafauna как последствие эксплуатирования. «

После этого будут опустошительные влияния дна траля вокруг наших свободных полетов, которые начали с пришествием траулера пара 130 лет тому назад. «Подметать ОН назад и препровождает через seabed, они извлекл весь ковер invertebrates,» профессор Roberts говорит, «such as кораллы, губки, вентиляторы моря и seaweeds. На одной карте, датируя от 1883, будет огромная OBLASTь северного моря грубо размер вэльса, маркированных «кроватей устрицы». Удили последние устриц там коммерчески в 1930s; приняла последнюю устрицу в реальном маштабе времени в 1970s. Мы изменяли морскую среду в эффектной дороге. «

Более плохая тишина, после прокладки наших собственных морей оголяет, мы «ехпортировали удящ емкость к водам развивающаяся страна», профессор Roberts предупреждает. С Мавритании, Сенегала и другого западные африканские страны, флоты от севера богатые люди промышленного «удят в полно unsustainable дороге с минимальным промахом европейскими странами». In return for грабить океаны, который лишает местных людей еды, и fishermen artisanal их livelihood, эти сосуды оплачивают минимальные гонорары что бедные страны счастливы принять. «Будет деятельностью минирования,» профессор Roberts говорит, «перепробег эксплуатирования земного богатства которое случилось в колониальных днях. Это будет колониализм в новом guise, albeit с респектабельным плащем in the form of согласования доступа. «

Такое будет людское подавая остервенение, там может прийти время когда не будут рыб налево, котор нужно уловить. В 2006, изучение в науке журнала США предупредило что каждый одиночный вид, котор мы эксплуатируем обрушится к 2048 если населенности продолжались просклонять, то по мере того как они имели с 1950s. К 2003, почти треть всего вида обрушилась, найденное изучение - намеревающся их номера был вниз с 90% или больше на исторических максимальных уровнях задвижки. Экстраполируйте то на диаграмме, и ухудшающиеся достигаемости 100% кривого just before 2050.

Что теперь оспоренный prognosis - - был основан на четырехклассном изучении населенностей рыб, показателей задвижки и экосистем океана. «Мы реально видим конец линии теперь,» сказал глисту Борис автора университета Dalhousie в Halifax, Nova Scotia, вовремя. «Оно находится в нашей продолжительности жизни. Наши дети увидят мир без seafood, если мы не изменяем вещи. «Много представили мир где не было бы протеина рыб налево, котор нужно съесть отдельно от медуз и морских водорослей.

Изучение не сделало достаточно ясно было что населенности нескольких рыб отскочили назад в результате решительных мер авторитетами. В странах such as Исландия, Норвегия, Соединенные Штаты, Новая Зеландия и Австралия, управление рыбозаводов было усилено управлением которое ограничивает усилие рыболовства (число шлюпок вне там, время, котор они тратят на море и OBLASTях где они позволены удить). Другой подход к управления, специально в Europe, должен контролировать выход (количество приземленных рыб) используя полные позволяемые квоты задвижки, или TACs. Эти конструированы для поддержания биомассы штока - учитывают тарифная масса рыб налево в море после рыболовства и естественные смерти. Оно должно никогда быть позволено понизиться настолько низко что вид неспособен икрить здоровое поколение following год.

Я draw up научными работниками и организациями such as льды (международный совет для исследования моря), эти квоты обсужены министрами и fishermen рыбозаводов на форумах such as EU. Оба узаконенные имущественные праваа, имеют ли политическо или коммерчески. «Если вы кладете лисицу in charge of henhouse, то» профессор Roberts говорит, «решения будет основан на недолгосрочных ограничениях, such as оплачивать ипотеку на шлюпке. Политиканы, слишком, делают выборы которые полезны к им или их составы in the short-term. «

In other words, такие сходы часто едут roughshod над рекомендациями научных работников - как случено на встрече ICCAT (международной комиссии для консервации атлантических тун) в Люксембурге в 2007, где квоты бились вне для туны bluefin от среднеземноморского. Научные работники порекомендовали однолетнюю задвижку 15.000 тонн год, с предпочтением для 10.000 тонн - но министры EU согласились квота 29.000 тонн, достаточно для того чтобы гарантировать сброс давления вида. (В прошлом году, квоты для 2009 снова были установлены далеко высоко чем научные работники советовали.)

в действительности, приземленная реальная сумма bluefin была 61.000 тонн - 4 времени что научные работники порекомендовали - из-за противозаконного и unreported рыболовства. Последний месяц, европейская комиссия снабдила двухклассную программу управления и осмотра для рыбозаводов туны bluefin в 7 среднеземноморских странах, к струбцине вниз на вещах such as противозаконные плоскости spotter используемые для того чтобы отслеживать вниз школы туны. Гловально, рыболовство черн-рынка be worth US$25bn (£17bn) год. В Europe, 50% из cod, котор мы едим было уловлено противозаконно.

Те рисунки, и debacle Люксембурга, записаны в конце линии - репортажноого-документальн, основанном на книге клевера Charles того имени, быть экранированным в UK кино начиная с 8-ого июня. Однако, blatant неучитывание для науки, котор оно портретирует не будет изолированным случаем. «Мы анализировали принятие решений европейских министров рыбозаводов над прошлыми 20 летами,» говорит профессору Roberts, «и систематически, год на годе, они устанавливали квоты которые от 25 до 35% более высокими чем уровни порекомендованные научными работниками. »

Как могут наши политиканы получить прочь с им? «Не будет обязательства на их прислушаться научный,» профессор Roberts объясняют. «Они скажут вы что они только одной из вещей, котор они должны рассматривать. Пока они могли защищать livelihood fisherman в термин один или два миллиона лет, недолгосрочное принятие решений как то гарантирует stock сброс давления. Оно не справедливо возможность, оно будет определенностью. Единственная неопределенность сколько времени она примет. «

Согласно профессору Roberts: «Что политиканы должны решать будет как задвижка размещана в пределах по-разному наций. То будет политика. Они не должны решать как больш задвижка должна быть во-первых. То будет наука. «

В Норвегии и США, «они уважают консультацию научных работников», он добавляет - самым лучшим примером New England, где штоки земных рыб находились в серьезном склонении в mid-1990s, только просвещенным управлением принес их назад. «На крене Georges, они создали закрытую зону 20.000 квадратных километров которая была off-limits к передвижному рыболовные принадлежности [such as сети трала],» профессор Roberts объясняют. Они также отрезали усилие рыболовства draconian 50% - класть много fishermen из дела. В прошлых 10 летах, однако, было «эффектное спасение» ключевого хозяйственного вида, Roberts говорит. «Пикша отскакивала назад, flounder отскакивал назад, scallops отскакивали назад, поэтому было большим рассказом успеха. »

Это демонстрирует будет что, где будет political will, tide можно повернуть на overfishing. В США, часть вызванного законодательства 1976 консервацией рыбозавода Magnuson-Stevens и управление, котор поступок недавн reauthorised, требующ, что индустрия закончила overfishing в всех федеральных водах к 2011. Не будет такого законодательства в Europe. Под existing поступком, управляемые рыбозаводы в Аляске и северный Pacific уже хорошими - которые почему одичалый Тихий океан salmon, Тихие океан cod и pollock от Аляски были основными выбранными для аттестации морским советом Stewardship (MSC), международный NGO который создал стандарт для sustainable рыбозаводов in the late 1990s и upholds он. Почему эти рыбозаводы США тикают все коробки?

«Они имеют очень прогрессивное управление под северным Тихим океан советом управления рыбозавода,» профессор Roberts говорит, «с предупредительными целями - поэтому они идут для относительно низкой части населенности рыб each year. Они имеют закрытие для того чтобы защитить habitats и оцененный вид such as морсые львы Steller и выдры моря [могут получить уловленными в рыболовные принадлежности] плюс обширные OBLASTи закрыны для того чтобы защитить deep-water кораллы от разрушения нижний тралить. «Авторитеты также наводят квоты для bycatch - другого вида уловленного ошибкой - для того чтобы защитить их от эксплуатирования.

Эти будут виды вопросов, котор MSC смотрит аттестуя рыбозаводы. До тех пор, 43 были аттестованы, включая 10 в Британии, пока больше чем 100 находятся под оценкой - но точно делает ту середину? «Право от старта, идея была что рыбозаводы независимо будут определены третья лицо,» говорит Джеймс Симпсон, офицер связей на MSC, «так хотя мы установили стандарт, мы не уносит оценки. То важно, потому что оно намеревается мы не имеет NIKAKое влияние над результатами. «

Вместо, морские научные работники от аттестуя тел such as морской пехотинец аттестации еды международный и Moody делают работу, delving в каждый аспект sustainability и производя рапорт до 900 страниц длиной. «Они смотрят stock уровень, основано на данных за прошлый период,» говорит Симпсон, «на рыболовстве удара имеет на окружающей среде и на плане организационной деятельности для рыбозавода. »

Счета 80 или больше необходимо достигнуть против each of этих 3 критериев для рыбозавода, котор нужно аттестовать.

Первоначально оценка пэр-расмотрена научными работниками собрата, stakeholders such as относящие к окружающей среде группы имеют их мнение - и получают, что носит рыбозавод eco-обозначает на своих продуктах. «Сделать то, вы трассировали рыб постоянно цепь поставкы,» говорите Симпсон, «потому что вы не хотите NIKAKой non-аттестованный вид или противозаконно не уловили рыб смещая в серию MSC. »

Наука может быть rigorous, но ярлык MSC изменит мир?

С некоторым видом, ярлык вносит изменения большой: 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet

Veronderstel een Wereld zonder Zeevruchten voor Avondmaal -- Het is Meer dichtbijgelegen dan u denkt
Automatically translated into Dutch thanks to WorldLingo
Door Andrew Purvis, de Waarnemer het UK:


Als stap van I van de trein in Heysel, neemt de enorme structuur van kunstdeco van Palais du Centenaire toe als een kathedraal. Met zijn vier die steunt bedekt door standbeelden, de vormen Palais het belangrijkste voorwerp van Parc des Expositions in Brussel, België - handel-eerlijke complex gebouwd in de jaren '30 om een eeuw van onafhankelijkheid van Nederland te herdenken stijgen. Dit is het tijdelijke huis van duizenden visproducten van rond de wereld aangezien 23.000 afgevaardigden van 80 landen voor de jaarlijkse Europese Expositie van Zeevruchten dalen - de grootste de zeevruchtenhandel van de wereld toont en een onverbiddelijke herinnering van man heerschappij over de oceanen.

„Als ik mensen de globale visserijcrisis wilde begrijpen, zou ik hen hier brengen,“ zegt Sally Bailey, een mariene programmaambtenaar met het Fonds Wereldwijd voor Aard, één van gematigdere NGOs die de benutting van het overzees bestrijden. Vorig jaar, bevindt één zich van de meer militante groepen - Greenpeace - geleide „dichte beneden“ vijf exposanten die in kritisch bedreigde bluefin tonijn, door 80 activisten aan hun drape handel drijven op te stellen in visserijnetten, ketent zich aan inrichtingen en zette banners op die lezen: „Time en de tonijn lopen uit“.

Hun hoofddoel was het Bedrijf van Mitsubishi, de Japanse autofabrikant die ook de grootste de tonijnhandelaar die van de wereld is, die 60% van de markt controleert en 40% van al bluefin tonijn vertegenwoordigt die in Japan van het Middellandse-Zeegebied wordt ingevoerd. De andere bedrijven waren de Industrieën Dongwon (Korea), de Marine van de Maan (Taiwan Singapore), Visserij Azzopardi (Malta) en Ricardo Fuentes & Zonen (Spanje).

De dag daar ben ik, besluipen de activisten van Greenpeace de visserijministers van de EU en wachten op een kans aan unfurl hun banners - maar de veiligheidswachten werken hen tegen. Nochtans, spreekt de gargantueske vangst op vertoning voor zich. Bij de tribune die door het Bedrijf van het Overzeese Voedsel van de Rijkdom Bevroren van Thailand in werking wordt gesteld, kreunen de planken met jauntily ontworpen pakketten van bevroren pijlinktvis, surimi (fijngehakte vissen) bollen, de lentebroodjes, samosas en gefrituurde kegels met garnalenstaarten die uit hen porren. In de volgende doorgang, frenetic wok-braadt chef garnalen van Madagascar, dat hen onderdompelt in kleine vierkante schotels van komijn, koriander, Spaanse peperspoeder, zout, kaneel en knoflook. Bij Pavilion van Taiwan, zijn de kabinetten volledig van gekoelde en bevroren tilapia, barramundi, sushi, paling en vacuümpakken van tobiko - oranje vliegen-vissenkuiten, zout, knapperig als granola en gediend door een jonge vrouw in nationale kleding die letterlijk geen duurzaamheid heeft vernomen. „Alle boten vangen daar vissen met kuiten,“ zij vertelt me. „Met zo velen na de zelfde soorten, is dit zeer moeilijke zaken voor ons. “

Deze zalen vergen verscheidene te bespreken uren, en de tribunes gaan schijnbaar voor altijd - 1.650 ondernemingen over het geheel genomen, samen ventend de meeste 147m globaal veroorzaakte ton zeevruchten elk jaar. Van dit, 100m wordt de ton gevangen in de wildernis terwijl de rest wordt bewerkt om de onverzadigbare vraag tevreden te stellen. Reeds, hangen de mensen 1.2bn van vissen in hun dieet af - en in Europa verbruiken wij elk 20kg gemiddeld per jaar, in vergelijking met 5kg per persoon in India. Nochtans, aangezien de optredende middenklassen in Azië een smaak, en een begroting ontwikkelen, voor zeevruchten - overwoog tot nu toe een luxepunt - de vraag zal verder omhoog schieten.

Wat de organisatoren moeten weten, maar mum, is ongeveer houden dat de oceanen in een gevaarlijke staat zijn. De organisatie van het Voedsel en van de Landbouw van de V.N. schat dat 70% van de visserij van de wereld nu volledig geëxploiteerdi, overmatig gebruikt of uitgeput (d.w.z., gevist aan het punt waar zij) kunnen enkel slechts bijvullen zijn. De meerderheid van vissenbevolking is verminderd door 70-95%, afhankelijk van de soorten, in vergelijking met het niveau zij zouden zijn bij als er geen visserij bij allen was. Met andere woorden, wordt slechts vijf percent van vissen in sommige gevallen verlaten. In praktischere termen, vangen de vissers één of twee vis per 100 haken, in vergelijking met 10 vissen per 100 haken waar een voorraad - een maatregel van duurzaamheid die eens door de Japanse vloot wordt gebruikt gezond en niet uitgebaat is. In Engeland en Wales, landen wij één vis voor elke 20 die wij in 1889 landden, toen de overheidsarchieven, ondanks het hebben van grotere schepen begonnen, leveren de meer verfijnde technologie en het sleepnet zo enorm en alle-verbruikt op dat zij 12 Boeing kunnen bevatten 747 vliegtuigen.

Waar al die andere vissen zijn gegaan? In het kort, hebben wij hen gegeten. De „tientallen duizenden van bluefin tonijn werden gevangen in de Noordzee elk jaar,“ zegt Callum Roberts, professor van marien behoud bij de Universiteit van York. „Nu, zijn er niets. Zodra, er miljoenen van vleet die - reusachtige gemeenschappelijke vleet, witte vleet, lang-besnuffelde vleet - van overzees rond het UK is geland waren. De gemeenschappelijke vleet is vrijwel uitgestorven, is de engelenhaai gegaan. Wij hebben onze mariene megafauna ten gevolge van benutting verloren. „

Toen er zijn de verwoestende gevolgen van bodem die rond onze kusten sleept, die met de komst van de stoomtreiler 130 jaar geleden begonnen. „Het vegen achteruit en door:sturen over de zeebedding, verwijderden zij een geheel tapijt van ongewervelden,“ Professor Roberts zegt, „zoals koralen, sponsen, overzeese ventilators en zeewieren. Voor één kaart, die van 1883 dateert, is er een reusachtig gebied ruwweg van de Noordzee de grootte van Wales, de duidelijke „bedden van de Oester“. De laatste oesters werden gevist daar commercieel in de jaren '30; de laatste levende oester werd genomen in de jaren '70. Wij hebben het mariene milieu op een spectaculaire manier veranderd. „

Slechter nog, na het ontdoen van van onze eigen naakte overzees, hebben wij „uitgevoerde visserijcapaciteit aan de wateren van ontwikkelingslanden“, waarschuwt Professor Roberts. Van Mauretanië, Senegal en andere West- Afrikaanse landen, vissen de vloten van het rijke industriële noorden „op een totaal onhoudbare manier met minimale onoplettendheid door Europese landen“. In ruil daarvoor voor het plunderen van de oceanen, die lokale mensen van voedsel berooft, en artisanale vissers van hun levensonderhoud, betalen deze schepen minimale prijzen die landen zijn gelukkig verarmden goed te keuren. „Het is een mijnbouwverrichting,“ Professor Roberts zegt, „rerun van de benutting van aardse rijkdom die in koloniale dagen gebeurde. Dit is kolonialisme in een nieuw mom, alhoewel met een respectable mantel in de vorm van toegangsovereenkomsten. „

Zulke is menselijke het voeden frenzy, kan daar komen een tijd wanneer er geen vissen verlaten aan vangst zijn. In 2006, waarschuwde een studie in de V.S.- dagboekWetenschap ervoor dat elke enige soort die wij tegen 2048 hebben geëxploiteerd zou ingestort zijn als de bevolking bleef dalen aangezien zij sinds de jaren '50 hadden. Tegen 2003, bijna was een derde alle soorten ingestort, de gevonden studie - betekenend hun aantallen waren onderaan 90% of meer op historische maximumvangstniveaus. Extrapoleer dat op een grafiek, en de benedenwaartse kromme bereikt 100% vlak vóór 2050.

Die nu betwiste prognose - - werd gebaseerd op een studie van vier jaar van vissenbevolking, vangstverslagen en oceaanecosystemen. „Wij zien werkelijk het eind nu van de lijn,“ zei de Worm van auteursBoris van Universiteit Dalhousie in Halifax, Nova Scotia, tegelijkertijd. „Het zal in ons leven zijn. Onze kinderen zullen een wereld zonder zeevruchten zien, als wij geen dingen veranderen. „Velen veronderstelden een wereld waar er geen vissenproteïne verlaten zou zijn om behalve kwallen en mariene algen te eten.

Wat niet de studie voldoende duidelijk maakte was dat sommige vissenbevolking terug als resultaat van drastische maatregelen door de autoriteiten had gestuiterd. In landen zoals IJsland, Noorwegen, de Verenigde Staten, Nieuw Zeeland en Australië, is het visserijbeheer versterkt door controles die visserijinspanning beperken (het aantal boten daar, de tijd die zij op zee en de gebieden hebben besteed waar zij toegestaan=worden= om te vissen). Een andere beheersbenadering, vooral in Europa, is output (de hoeveelheid gelande vissen) Totale Toelaatbare Vangstquota's gebruiken, of TACs te controleren die. Deze worden ontworpen om de biomassa van een voorraad te handhaven - het geschatte gewicht vissen verlaten in het overzees nadat de visserij en de natuurlijke sterfgevallen in acht worden genomen. Het zou nooit moeten zo laag worden toegestaan om te vallen dat een soort een gezonde generatie niet kan kuit schieten het volgende jaar.

Opgesteld door wetenschappers en organisaties zoals bevriest (de Internationale Raad voor de Exploratie van het Overzees), worden deze quota's besproken door visserijministers en vissers bij forums zoals de EU. Allebei hebben politiek of commerciële gevestigde belangen, hetzij. „Als u de vos verantwoordelijk voor henhouse zet,“ Professor Roberts zegt, de „besluiten zullen op beperkingen op korte termijn worden gebaseerd, zoals het betalen van de hypotheek op de boot. De politici, ook, maken keuzen die aan hen of hun constituenten op korte termijn voordelig zijn. „

Met andere woorden, dergelijke berijden het verzamelen zich vaak roughshod over de aanbevelingen van de wetenschappers - zoals die op een vergadering van ICCAT (de Internationale Commissie voor het Behoud van Atlantische Tonijnen) zijn gebeurd in Luxemburg in 2007, waar de quota's uit voor bluefin tonijn van het Middellandse-Zeegebied werden gegeseld. De wetenschappers adviseerden een jaarlijkse vangst van 15.000 ton per jaar, met een voorkeur voor 10.000 ton - maar de ministers van de EU keurden een quota van 29.000 ton, genoeg goed om de instorting van de soorten te waarborgen. (Vorig jaar, waren de quota's voor 2009 opnieuw plaatsten veel hoger dan de wetenschappers.) adviseerden

in feite, was de echte hoeveelheid geland bluefin toe te schrijven 61.000 ton - vier keer welke wetenschappers hadden geadviseerd - aan onwettige en niet doorgegeven visserij. Vorige maand, legde de Europese Commissie een controle en inspectieprogramma van twee jaar voor bluefin tonijnvisserij in ten uitvoer zeven Mediterrane landen, om dingen zoals onwettige spottervliegtuigen de kop in te drukken die worden gebruikt om tonijnscholen op te sporen. Globaal, zwart-markt is de visserij US$25bn (£17bn) waard een jaar. In Europa, is 50% van de kabeljauw die wij illegaal gevangen hebben gegeten.

Die cijfers, en debacle van Luxemburg, worden geregistreerd in het Eind van de Lijn - de documentaire, dat op het boek van Charles Clover's van die naam, die in Britse bioskopen vanaf 8 wordt gebaseerd Juni moet worden onderzocht. Nochtans, is de flagrante veronachtzaming voor wetenschap het afbeeldt geen geïsoleerds geval. „Wij hebben de besluitvorming van Europese visserijministers in de loop van de afgelopen 20 jaar geanalyseerd,“ zegt Professor jaarlijks Roberts, „en systematisch, zij quota's hebben geplaatst die 25 tot 35% hoger zijn dan de niveaus die door wetenschappers worden geadviseerd. “

Hoe kan onze politici weggaan met het? „Er is geen verplichting op hen om wetenschappelijke raad te nemen,“ Professor Roberts verklaart. „Wat zij u zullen vertellen is dat het slechts één van de dingen is zij moeten overwegen. Terwijl zij het levensonderhoud van een visser op de termijn van één of twee jaar zouden kunnen beschermen, besluitvorming op korte termijn zoals die instorting van de waarborgenvoorraad. Het is niet alleen een mogelijkheid, is het een zekerheid. De enige onzekerheid is hoe lang het zal duren. „

Volgens Professor Roberts: „Welke politici zouden moeten beslissen zijn hoe de vangst binnen verschillende naties wordt toegewezen. Dat is politiek. Wat zij niet zouden moeten beslissen is hoe groot zou moeten zijn de vangst in de eerste plaats. Dat is wetenschap. „

In Noorwegen en de V.S., „zij eerbiedigen de raad van wetenschappers“, voegt hij toe - het beste voorbeeld dat New England is, waar de voorraden van grondvissen in ernstige daling in de medio-jaren '90 waren, maar geïnformeerdi beheer bracht terug hen. „In Georges Bank, leidden zij tot een gesloten gebied van 20.000 vierkante kilometers dat van-grenzen aan mobiel visserijtoestel [zoals sleepnetnetten] was,“ Professor Roberts verklaren. Zij snijden ook visserijinspanning door een draconische 50% - zettend vele vissers uit zaken. In het verleden de 10 jaar, echter, is er een „spectaculaire terugwinning“ van zeer belangrijke economische soorten geweest, zegt Roberts. De „schelvis heeft terug gestuiterd, heeft de bot terug gestuiterd, hebben de kammosselen terug gestuiterd, zodat is het een groot succesverhaal geweest. “

Wat dit aantoont is dat, waar er politieke wil is, het getijde aangezette overfishing kan zijn. In de V.S., is een stuk van de wetgeving van 1976 genoemd het Akte van het Behoud en van het Beheer van de Visserij magnuson-Stevens onlangs reauthorised geweest, vereisend de industrie om overfishing in alle federale wateren tegen 2011 te beëindigen. Er is geen dergelijke wetgeving in Europa. In het kader van het bestaande Akte, wordt de visserij in Alaska en de Noord-Stille Oceaan reeds goed geleid - die waarom de wilde Vreedzame zalm, Vreedzame kabeljauw en pollock van Alaska eerste kandidaten voor certificatie door de Mariene Stewardship Raad (MSC) was, internationale NGO is die een norm voor duurzame visserij in de recente jaren '90 cre�ërde en het bevestigt. Waarom tikt deze visserij van V.S. alle dozen?

„Zij hebben zeer progressief beheer onder de Raad van het Beheer van de Visserij van het Noorden Vreedzame,“ Professor Roberts zegt, „met voorzorgsdoelstellingen - zodat gaan zij voor een vrij lage fractie van de vissenbevolking elk jaar. Zij hebben sluitingen om habitat en getaxeerde soorten zoals overzeese Steller leeuwen en overzeese otters [die gevangen kunnen worden in visserijtoestel] plus uitgebreide gebieden te beschermen die worden gesloten om diepzeekoralen tegen vernietiging te beschermen door bodem te slepen. De „autoriteiten leggen ook quota's voor bycatch - andere soorten die door fout worden gevangen op - om hen tegen benutting te beschermen.

Dit zijn de soorten kwesties MSC wanneer het verklaren van visserij bekijkt. Tot dusver, zijn 43 verklaard, met inbegrip van 10 in Groot-Brittannië, terwijl meer dan 100 onder beoordeling zijn - maar wat precies dat gemiddelde? „Vanaf het begin, was het idee dat de visserij onafhankelijk door een derde zou beoordeeld worden,“ zegt dat James Simpson, communicatie ambtenaar bij MSC, „hoewel wij de norm bepalen, voeren wij niet de beoordelingen uit. Dat is belangrijk, omdat het betekent wij geen invloed over de resultaten hebben. „

In plaats daarvan, doen de mariene wetenschappers van het verklaren van organismen zoals Van het Certificatie voedsel Internationale en Moody Marine het werk dat, dat in elk aspect van duurzaamheid speurt en een rapport tot 900 lange pagina's indient. „Zij bekijken voorraadniveaus, die op historische verslagen worden gebaseerd,“ zegt Simpson, „bij het effect dat heeft op het milieu en bij het beheersplan voor de visserij vist. Een“

score van 80 of meer moet tegen elk van deze drie criteria voor een te verklaren visserij worden bereikt.

De aanvankelijke beoordeling wordt peer-herzien door medewetenschappers, hebben de bewaarders zoals milieugroepen hun zeggen - en de visserij krijgt om eco-label op zijn producten te dragen. „Doen dat, u de vissen al manier door de leveringsketen moet kunnen vinden,“ zegt Simpson, „omdat u geen niet-verklaarde soorten of illegaal gevangen vissen uitglijdend in een MSC partij wilt. De“

wetenschap, maar kan zal het MSC etiket de wereld streng zijn veranderen?

Met sommige soorten, maakt het etiket een groot verschil: 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet

تخيّلت عالم دون فواكه البحر لعشاء -- هو قريبة من يفكّر أنت
Automatically translated into Arabic thanks to WorldLingo
بأندرو [بورفيس], الملاحظة [أوك]:


بما أنّ أنا أخطو من القافلة تموين في [هسل], الضخمة [أرت دك] يرتفع بنية من [بليس] [دو] [سنتنير] مثل كاتدرائية. علا مع ه أربعة ركائز متصاعدة بتماثيل, [بليس] أشكال القطعة مركزيّة من [برك] [دس] معارض في بركسيل, بلجيكا - مركبة [ترد-فير] يبنى في الثلاثينات أن يحتفل قرن الاستقلال من هولندا. هذا ال [تمبورري هوم] الآلاف ال [فيش برودوكت] [فروم رووند ث وورلد] بما أنّ 23,000 مندوبات ينزلون من 80 بلد للسنويّة أوروبيّة فواكه البحر معرض - العالم كبيرة فواكه البحر عرض تجاريّة ومذكر مقيتة من رجل سيادة على المحيطات.

"إن أنا أردت الناس أن يفهم الشاملة صيد سمك أزمة, أحضرهم أنا هنا," يقول [سلّي] [بيلي], بحريّة برنامج ضابطة مع المال عالميّ نطاق لطبيعة, واحدة من الأكثر [نغس] معتدلة [كمبتينغ] الإستثمار من البحوت. [لست ر], يقيّدبنفسي واحدة من الأكثر مجموعة مناضلة - [غرينبس] - يدار أن "زغبة قريبة" خمسة عارضات يتاجر في بانتقاد ب جازف [بلوفين] تنّ, ب ينشر 80 نشط أن يكسو حامل قفصهم في [فيش نت], إلى تركيبات ووضع فوق راي أنّ يقرأ: "يركض وقت وتنّ خارجا".

كان هدفهم رئيسيّة [ميتسوبيشي] [كربورأيشن], ال [كر منوفكتثرر] يابانيّة أنّ يكون أيضا العالم كبيرة تنّ تاجر, يضبط 60% من السوق ويعلّل 40% من كلّ [بلوفين] تنّ يستورد داخل اليابان من ال [مديترّنن]. الأخرى كان شركات [دونغوون] صناعات (كوريا), قمر جندي مشاة البحريّة ([تيون/] سنغافورة), [أزّوبردي] سماكة (مالطة) و [ريكردو] [فونتس] & بنات (إسبانيا).

اليوم أنا هناك, [غرينبس] ينتاب نشط الاتّحاد الأوروبي سماكة وزير وينتظر لفرصة أن [أونفورل] رايهم - غير أنّ الأمن حارسات يثبّطونهم. مهما, يتكلّم المزلاج ضخمة على عرض ل بنفسي. ركضت في الحامل قفص ب [سا] [ولث] [فروزن فوود] [كمبني] من تايلاند, الرصيف صخري يئن مع [جونتيلي] يصمد ربط من الحبّار مجمّدة, [سوريمي] (سمكة مفرومة) زلابية, نابض لف, [سموسس] ومخاريط مقليّ بإسراف مع إربيان ذيول يدفع من هم. في الممشى تالية, [ووك-فرينغ] رئيس الطبّاخين مسعورة [برون] من مدغشقر, ينخفضهم في بعض أطباق مربّعة من كم, كزبرة, [شلّي بوودر], ملح, قرفة وثوم. في تايوان جناح, الخزائن يشبع من يبرّد ويجمّد [تيلبيا], [برّموندي], طبق أرز ياباني, أنقليس وفراغ حزمات ال [توبيكو] - برتقاليّة [فلينغ-فيش] بطارخ, مالحة, قابل للطحن ك [غرنولا] ويخدم بإمرأة شابّة في ثوب وطنيّة الذي حرفيّا يتلقّى لم يعلم [سوستينبيليتي]. "يمسك [ألّ ث] زوارق خارجا هناك سمكة مع بطارخ," هو يقولني. "مع هكذا كثير بعد ال نفسه نوع, هذا جدّا يصعب عمل ل نا. "

يأخذ هذا قاعات عدّة ساعات أن يفاوض, والحامل قفص على ما يبدو يذهبون فوق دائما - 1,650 أعمال في كلّ, معا يبيع أكثر من ال [147م] أطنان الفواكه البحر ينتج على نحو شامل كلّ سنة. من هذا, [100م] مسكت أطنان في الوحشيّة بينما الإستراحة يكون زرعت أن يرضي طلب غيرشبع. سابقا, [1.2بن] يعتمد الناس على سمكة في حميتهم - وفي أوروبا نحن كلّ نستهلك [20كغ] لكلّ سنة على معدل, يقارن إلى [5كغ] [بر برسن] في هند. اعتبر مهما, بما أنّ ال [ميدّل كلسّ] بارزة في آسيا يطوّرون ذوق, وميزانية, لأنّ فواكه البحر - [لوإكسوري يتم] [أونتيل نوو] - طلب سينطلق أبعد.

ماذا المنظمات ينبغي عرفت, غير أنّ كنت حافظت [موم] حوالي, أنّ المحيطات في دولة [برلووس]. المنظّمة الأمم المتّحدة يقدّم [أغريكلتثر ورغنيزأيشن] أنّ 70% من العالم سماكة الآن كلّيّا استغلّت ([إي], يصطاد إلى النقطة حيث هم يستطيع فقط فقط استكملتبنفسي), [أفرإكسبلويت] أو استنفد. قلّلت الأغلبية من سمكة السّكان يتلقّى يكون ب 70-95%, [دبندينغ ون] النوع, يقارن إلى المستوى هم كانوا في إن هناك كان ما من صيد سمك في كلّ. [إين وثر ووردس,] تركت فقط خمسة نسبة مئويّة السمكة أحيانا. في أكثر عبارات عمليّة, يمسك صيّاد سمك [أن ور توو] سمكة لكلّ 100 كلوب, يقارن إلى 10 سمكة لكلّ 100 كلوب حيث مخزون يكون صحّ وغيرمستغلّ - إجراء ال [سوستينبيليتي] مرّة يستعمل بالأسطول يابانيّة. في إنكلترا ووالز, يهبط نحن واحدة سمكة ل كلّ 20 أنّ نحن هبطنا في 1889, عندما حكومة سجلات بدأوا, على الرغم من يتلقّى كبيرة مراجل, أكثر يعقد تكنولوجيا وشبكة صيد يحبكون هكذا ضخمة و [ألّ-كنسومينغ] أنّ هم قادرة من يحتوي 12 بوينغ 747 طائرة.

أين يتلقّى كلّ أنّ أخرى سمكة يذهب? في قصيرة, قد أكلهم نحن. "استعمل [تن] الآلاف من [بلوفين] تنّ أن يكون مسكت في بحر الشمال كلّ سنة," يقول [كلّوم] [روبرتس], أستاذة من حفظ بحريّة في الجامعة يورك. "الآن, هناك لا شيء. ما إن, هناك كان ملايين المزلج - مزلج ضخمة عاديّة, مزلج بيضاء, مزلج [لونغ-نوسد] - يكون يهبط من بحور حول ال [أوك]. المزلج عاديّة في الواقع منقرضة, ال [أنجل شرك] يذهب. نحن قد خسرنا [مغفونا] نا بحريّة كنتيجة إستثمار. "

بعد ذلك هناك التأثيرات مدمّرة قعر يصيد حول سواحلنا, أيّ بدأ مع القدوم من البخار جيّاب 130 سنون [أغو]. "يرسل يكتسح إلى الخلف وعبر القاع بحر, هم أزال سجادة كاملة [إينفرتبرت]," أستاذة [روبرتس] يقول, "مثل مرجان, إسفنجات, بحث مراوح وعشب بحريّ. على واحدة خريطة, يؤرّخ من 1883, هناك منطقة ضخمة من بحر الشمال تقريبا الحجم والز, يعلم "محار أسرّة". اصطدت المحارات متأخّرة كان هناك تجاريّا في الثلاثينات; أخذت المحار متأخّرة حيّة كان في السبعينات. نحن قد غيّرنا البيئة بحريّة في طريق مثيرة. "

يعري سكون مريضة, بعد يجرب نا خاصّة بحوت, نحن يتلقّى "نصدر يصطاد قدرة إلى المياه ال [دفلوب كونتري]", أستاذة [روبرتس] يحذّر. من موريتانيا, سنغال وأخرى يصطاد [أفريكن كونتري] غربيّة, أساطيل من الشمال غنيّة صناعيّة "في طريق غيرقابل للمحافظة تماما مع سهو أدنى ببلد أوروبيّ". [إين رتثرن فور] يسلب المحيطات, أيّ يحرم الناس محلّية من طعام, و [أرتيسنل] صيّاد سمك من رزقهم, يدفع هذا مراجل رسوم أدنى أنّ بلاد ناضبة سعيدة أن يقبل. "هو [مينينغ وبرأيشن]," يقول أستاذة [روبرتس], "إعادة إجراء من الإستثمار من ثروة أرضيّة أنّ حدث في أيام مستعمرة. هذا استعمار في مظهر جديدة, وإن كان مع عباءة محترمة [إين ث فورم وف] منفذة إتفاقات. "

مثل هذا الإنسانيّة يغذّي نوبة, هناك يمكن أتيت وقت عندما هناك ما من سمكة يسارا أن يمسك. في 2006, حذّر دراسة في ال [أوس] جريدة علم أنّ كلّ نوع وحيد نحن نستغلّ انهار ب 2048 إن السّكان استمرّوا أن ينخفض بما أنّ هم تلقّوا منذ الخمسينات. ب 2003, تقريبا كان ثالثة من كلّ نوع قد انهار, الدراسة يؤسّس - يعني أرقامهم كان نزولا إلى 90% أو أكثر على تاريخيّة قصوى مزلاج مستويات. استقرأت أنّ على رسم, والمنحدرة منحنى إستطاعة 100% [جوست بفور] 2050.

أنّ أسّست تكهن - الآن يتنازع - كان على دراسة لمدّة أربع سنوات من سمكة السّكان, مزلاج سجلات ومحيط نظام بيئيّ. "يرى نحن حقّا النهاية من الخطّ الآن," قال المؤلفة بوريس دودة من [دلهووس] جامعة في هاليفاكس, [نوفا سكتيا], [أت ث تيم]. "سيكون هو في متوسّط عمرنا. سيرى أطفالنا عالم دون فواكه البحر, إن نحن لا نغيّر أشياء. "تخيّل كثير عالم حيث هناك كان ما من [فيش بروتين] يسارا أن يأكل [أبرت فروم] رئة بحر وطحالب بحريّة.

ماذا الدراسة لم يجعل بشكل كاف واضحة كان أنّ بعض سمكة السّكان كانوا قد وثبوا إلى الخلف نتيجة تدبير حاسم بالسلطات. في بلد مثل إيسلندا, نرويج, الولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة, [نو زلند] وأستراليا, سماكة قوّيت إدارة يتلقّى يكون بتحكمات أنّ يحدّد صيد سمك جهد (الرقم الزوارق خارجا هناك, الوقت هم ينفقون في بحث والمناطق حيث هم يكون سمحت أن يصطاد). آخر إدارة مقاربة, خصوصا في أوروبا, أن يضبط إنتاج (المبلغة السمكة يهبط) يستعمل إجماليّة يجوز [كتش قووتس], أو [تكس]. هذا صمدت أن يبقي مخزون [بيومسّ] - [تك ينتو كّوونت] ال يقدّم وزن السمكة يسارا في البحر بعد صيد سمك و [نتثرل دث]. هو سوفت أبدا كنت سمحت أن يسقط هكذا بانخفاض أنّ نوع يعجز أن ينتج يصحّ جيل السنة تالي.

يثلّج ينصّ بعالمات ومنظمات مثل (المجلس دوليّة للاستكشاف من البحر), هذا [قووتس] تناقشت بسماكة وزير وصيّاد سمك في ساحات مثل الالاتّحاد الأوروبي. كلا يتلقّى [فستد ينترست], ما إذا سياسيّة أو تجاريّة. "إن أنت تضع الثعلب [إين شرج وف] ال [هنهووس]," يقول أستاذة [روبرتس], "قرارات كنت سيؤسّس على إكراهات قصير المدى, مثل يدفع الرهن على الزورق. يجعل سياسيات, أيضا, إختبار أنّ يكون مفيدة إلى هم أو مكوناتهم [إين ث شورت-ترم]. "

[إين وثر ووردس,] يركب هذا تجميع غالبا [رووغشود] على العالمات توصيات - بما أنّ يحدث في اجتماع ال [إيكّت] (العمولة دوليّة للحفظ من تنّ أطلسيّة) في لوكسمبورغ في 2007, حيث [قووتس] كان يكون درست خارجا ل [بلوفين] تنّ من ال [مديترّنن]. عالمات أوصوا مزلاج سنويّة من 15,000 أطنان [ا] سنة, مع أفضليّة ل 10,000 أطنان - غير أنّ الاتّحاد الأوروبي وافق وزير حصة من 29,000 أطنان, كافي أن يضمن الانهيار من النوع. ([لست ر], ثبتت [قووتس] ل 2009 كان ثانية بعيدا [هيغر] من عالمات كان [أدفيز].)

[إين فكت], المبلغة حقيقيّة [بلوفين] يهبط كان 61,000 أطنان - أربعة أوقات ما عالمات كانوا قد أوصوا - واجبة إلى غير شرعيّ وصيد سمك [أونربورتد]. شهر متأخّرة, طبّق الالمفوّضيّة الأوروبيّة لمدّة سنتين تحكم وتفتيش برنامج ل [بلوفين] تنّ سماكة في سبعة بلاد [مديترّنن], إلى مشبك إلى أسفل على أشياء مثل غير شرعيّ مراقبة طائرات يستعمل أن يتعقّب إلى أسفل تنّ مدارس. على نحو شامل, [بلك-مركت] [ب وورث] صيد سمك [أوس$25بن] ([17بن]) سنة. في أوروبا, مسكت 50% من السمك قدّ نحن نأكل يتلقّى يكون لاشرعيّا.

أنّ سجّلت أرقام, لوكسمبورغ تدهور, في النهاية من الخطّ - البرنامج وثائقيّ, يؤسّس على شارلز نفل كتاب من أنّ اسم, أن يكون حجبت في سينمات [أوك] من 8 يونيو - حزيران. مهما, ليس التجاهل صخّابة لعلم هو يصوّر يعزل حالة. "قد حلّل نحن ال [دسسون-مكينغ] من أوروبيّة سماكة وزيرات على السابقة 20 سنون," يقول أستاذة [روبرتس], "ومنهجيّا, سنة على سنة, هم قد ثبتوا [قووتس] أنّ يكون 25 [تو] 35% [هيغر] من المستويات يوصى بعالمات. "

كيف يستطيع سياسياتنا حصلت بعيدا مع هو? "هناك ما من إلتزام على هم أن يأخذ إشعار علميّة," أستاذة [روبرتس] يفسّر. "ماذا هم سيقولون أنت أنّ هو فقط واحدة من الأشياء هم يضطرّ اعتبرت. بينما هم أمكن كنت حميت صيّاد سمك رزق في العبارة من [أن ور توو] سنون, يضمن [دسسون-مكينغ] قصير المدى مثل أنّ انهيار مبتذلة. هو ليس صحيحة إمكانية, هو حقيقة. الشك وحيد [هوو لونغ] هو سيأخذ. "

وفقا ل أستاذة [روبرتس]: "ما سياسيات سوفت كنت قرّرت يكون كيف المزلاج يكون خصّصت ضمن أمم مختلفة. أنّ سياسة. ماذا هم سوفت لا يكون قرّرت كيف كبيرة المزلاج سوفت كنت في المكان أولى. أنّ علم. "

في نرويج وال [أوس], "يحترم هم الإشعار العالمات", هو يضيف - المثال جيّدة يكون [نو نغلند], حيث مخزونات من سمكة أرضيّة كانوا في انحدار جدّيّة في المنتصف التسعينات, غير أنّ ينار إدارة أحضرهم إلى الخلف. "في [جورجس] بنك, خلق هم ينفضّ منطقة من 20,000 كيلومترات مربّعة أنّ كان خارج الحدود إلى [فيش جر] متحرّكة [مثل شبكة صيد شبك]," أستاذة [روبرتس] يفسّر. هم أيضا قطعوا صيد سمك جهد بصارمة 50% - يضع كثير صيّاد سمك من عمل. في السابقة 10 سنون, مهما, قد كان هناك "إستعادة مثيرة" من نوع أساسيّة اقتصاديّة, [روبرتس] يقول. "قد وثب الحدوق إلى الخلف, ال [فلووندر] قد وثب إلى الخلف, الأسقلوبات قد وثبوا إلى الخلف, لذلك هو قد كان عظيمة نجاح قصة. "

ماذا هذا يعرض يكون أنّ, حيث هناك يكون [بوليتيكل ويلّ], المدّ و جزر يستطيع كنت التفتت على [أفرفيش]. في ال [أوس], [روثوريز] قطعة من 1976 تشريع يدعى [منوسن-ستفنس] سماكة حفظ وإدارة عمل يتلقّى مؤخّرا يكون, يتطلّب الصناعة أن ينهي [أفرفيش] في كلّ مياه فيديراليّة ب 2011. هناك ما من هذا تشريع في أوروبا. تحت العمل موجودة, سماكة في ألسكا [بسفيك] شماليّة سابقا جيّدة يدار - أيّ يكون لما وحشيّة مسالمة سلمونيّ, [بسفيك كد] و [بولّوك] من ألسكا كان مرشحات أوّليّة لتصديق بالبحريّة خدمة الإستضافة مجلس ([مسك]), ال [نغو] دوليّة أنّ خلق معيار لسماكة قابل للمحافظة [إين ث لت] تسعينات ويدعم هو. لماذا هذا [أوس] سماكة ينصرمون [ألّ ث] صناديق?

"يتلقّى هم إدارة تقدّميّة جدّا تحت الشماليّة مسالمة سماكة إدارة مجلس," أستاذة [روبرتس] يقول, "مع أهداف احتياطيّة - لذلك هم يذهبون لكسر منخفضة نسبيّا من السمكة السّكان [إش ر]. هم يتلقّون [كلوسورس] أن يحمي مواطن ويقدّم نوع مثل [ستلّر سا ليون] وبحث قضاعات [أيّ يستطيع حصلت يمسك في [فيش جر]] و مناطق واسعة أنّ يكون أغلقت أن يحمي مرجان [ديب-وتر] من تدمير بسفليّة يصيد. "يفرض السلطات أيضا [قووتس] ل [بكتش] - أخرى نوع يمسك بغلطة - أن يحميهم من إستثمار.

هذا الأنواع الإصدارات ال [مسك] يكون ينظر في عندما يصدق سماكة. [س فر], صدقت 43 يتلقّى يكون, بما في ذلك 10 في بريطانيا, بينما أكثر من 100 يكون تحت تقييم - غير أنّ ماذا تماما يتمّ أنّ وسيلة? "صحّ من البداية, كان الفكرة أنّ سماكة كنت بشكل مستقلّ قدّمت ب [ثيرد برتي]," يقول جيمس [سمبسن], اتّصالات ضابطة في ال [مسك], "هكذا رغم أنّ نحن ثبتنا المعيار, نحن لا يوفي التقييمات. أنّ مهمّة, لأنّ هو يعني لا يتلقّى نحن أيّ تأثير على النتيجات. "

بدلا من ذلك, يتمّ عالمات بحريّة من يصدق أجسام مثل طعام تصديق دوليّة وجندي مشاة البحريّة متقلّب المزاج العمل, ينقّب داخل كلّ مظهر ال [سوستينبيليتي] وينتج تقرير حتّى 900 صفحات طويلا. يقول "هم ينظر في مبتذلة مستويات, يؤسّس على سجلات تاريخيّة," [سمبسن], "في التأثير صدمة صيد سمك يتلقّى على البيئة وفي الإدارة خطة للسماكة. "

علامة من 80 أو كثير ينبغي كنت حقّقت ضدّ كلّ من هذا ثلاثة معايير لسماكة أن يكون صدقت.

[بير-رفيود] التقييم أوّليّة برفيقة عالمات, [ستكهولدر] مثل مجموعة بيئيّ يتلقّون رأيهم - والسماكة يحصل أن يحمل ال [إك-لبل] على منتوجاته. "أن يتمّ أنّ, أنت يضطرّ كنت يمكن أن يتتبّع السمكة كلّيّا ال [سوبّلي شين]," يقول [سمبسن], "لأنّ أنت لا تريد أيّ [نون-سرتيفيد] نوع أو لاشرعيّا مسك سمكة ينزلق داخل [مسك] دفعة. "

العلم يمكن كنت شديدة, غير أنّ ال [مسك] علامة مميّزة سيغيّر العالم?

مع بعض نوع, يجعل العلامة مميّزة فرق كبيرة: 42% of the world's wild salmon catch is MSC-certified, and 40% of its prime white fish catch. Altogether, five million tonnes of seafood are certified by the MSC every year.

However, that is just five per cent of the wild-caught seafood market, which is why Professor Roberts believes the label itself "can only change a small number of well-informed people who actually care". The big effect, he says, is that supermarkets "have taken on board what the MSC is saying and have developed better fish sourcing policies of their own. They are the ones who can buy or not buy from a particular supplier, so they have a lot of power."

Sainsbury's - the largest retailer of MSC-certified seafood in the UK - has pledged that, by the end of 2010, it will source 80% of its seafood from MSC-certified fisheries or from the "green list" of species approved by the Marine Conservation Society. Marks & Spencer has promised that, by 2012, all its seafood will be either MSC-certified or from other independently certified fisheries. In May, it will launch a new range of prepared meals for outdoor eating and barbecues, based around gurnard, John Dory and black bream. Caught in season in British waters, these are a more sustainable choice than the "Big Five" overfished species - the cod, haddock, prawns, tuna and plaice that account for 80% of all seafood sold in Britain. If we take the pressure off these overexploited stocks, they will hopefully recover.

However, the MSC programme is about far more than shopping. In Europe, the growing number of certified fisheries has transformed the mood of EU fishing negotiations. The Dutch based Pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA) was the first North Sea herring fishery to be MSC-certified in May 2006, and the Swedish, Danish and Scottish herring fleets followed. Their representatives meet regularly in Brussels to talk about fisheries management. "All the major herring players in Europe are MSC-certified or under assessment," says Gerard van Balsfoort, president of the PFA, "and this has led to a certain kind of behaviour in the advisory process. From the point of view of stocks, you can't just ask for a higher quota if it isn't scientifically based. You can't just shout for what you want. "

In the seas around South Georgia - a remote Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom 1,300km from the Falkland Islands - the Patagonian toothfish fishery was required by MSC certifiers to initiate research that would locate deep-coral areas vulnerable to damage by trawl gear. If such areas were found, efforts to protect them "should be considered", the certifiers said. In fact, the fishery went further. It identified three deep-coral areas that needed protecting and closed them to fishing vessels entirely. That way, fish and fragile habitats would have a chance to recover.

In South Africa and New Zealand, too, MSC-certified fisheries (for hake and hoki respectively) have helped create Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where trawling is banned, either by funding research or by lobbying the government. In New Zealand, 30% of the Exclusive Economic Zone - an area extending 220 miles out to sea over which it has rights - has been closed with fishing industry approval.

Such closures could provide the answer to the fishing crisis, allowing our children and our grandchildren to eat fish with a clear conscience. In Iceland, Canada and the US, the creation of MPAs "has brought real increases in fish populations and real recovery of seabed habitats", Professor Roberts reports. "Populations of exploited species have increased five-, 10- or even 20-fold within five, 10 or 20 years," he says. "What you see is the flourishing of life."

Over time, this explosion of fecundity spreads to other parts of the ocean. "The benefits of protection flow to the surrounding fishing grounds through the emigration of animals from protected areas, and the export of their offspring on ocean currents," Professor Roberts says. "The eggs and larvae of these protected animals are transported to fishing grounds and can replenish them."

In his view, 30% of the world's oceans should be protected "to set the clock back 200 years" and reverse the fishing crisis. After that, responsible fisheries management "in the North Pacific mould" could avert the 2048 scenario. The trouble is, only 0.8% of the oceans are currently closed to fishing - despite the efforts of former President George W Bush, who "single-handedly created MPAs, dotted throughout the Pacific Ocean, which now constitute 31% of all MPAs worldwide", Professor Roberts says.

In Britain, too, MPAs are seen as part of the solution. The Marine Bill is grinding its way through Parliament, with a provision to create MPAs in territorial waters up to 12 nautical miles from our coast. Britain and Europe have pledged to create networks of MPAs by 2012.

Far from campaigning for a total ban on fishing, Professor Roberts believes it should be allowed. If properly regulated, it will increase global fish production rather than decimate it. "Fisheries science suggests that a species is healthiest when you reduce its population size by 50%," he says. "That way, you remove the larger, older, slower-growing animals and the population becomes dominated by smaller, faster-growing fish. For them, the availability of food increases and they thrive. That gives you a boost in population growth rate, which gives you a higher rate of production to exploit."

Perversely, fishing could swamp the world with fish protein rather than starve it - but it has to be done differently. "We should abandon quotas," Professor Roberts believes, limiting fishing effort rather than output. "If you're not out there catching fish, they're not going to die." At present, EU vessels that exceed their quota have to dump fish overboard dead, rather than land it illegally. "You've got one or two times as many fish being killed and discarded, sometimes, as are being landed," Professor Roberts says. "That is no way to manage a fishery; that is not sensible at all. You have to land all your catch."

Reforms such as this will require "a major change of political direction on this side of the Atlantic", Professor Roberts warns - "but if we have that, we can turn back the clock within 20 years, to the point where a lot of species are in a far more productive state. None of this is rocket science. Perhaps we need good old George W Bush back... the world's greatest marine conservationist!"

April 29, 2009

alternet